EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Ginger (as plant) // Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Family:: Zingiberaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 7649
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

#1: Positive Ames test ginger extract (TA100) #2: Positive Ames test ginger extract (TA1535) #3: Positive Ames test gingerol from ginger extract (TA100) #4: Positive Ames test gingerol from ginger extract (TA1535) #5: Positive Ames test shogaol from ginger extract (TA1535) #6: Positive Ames test shogaol from ginger extract (TA100) #7: Positve Ames' test TA98 (not well reported) #8: Positve Ames' test TA102 (not well reported) #9: Positive sister chromatide exchange assay of ginger extract #10: 6-gingerol positive Comet Assay #11: Positive Ames test activated TA98

Genotox #1: Nagabhushan, M., Amonkar, A. J., Bhide, S. V. Mutagenicity of gingerol and shogaol and antimutagenicity of zingerone in Salmonella/microsome assay. cancer letters (shannon, ireland), 1987, p. 221–233. .

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 100 (CHD024ST)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

with
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Fresh ginger extracted mutagenic in strains TA 100 in the presence of S9 mix
Internal remarks:

Positive Ames test ginger extract (TA100)
Internal ID:

CAPLUS_1987:613390

Genotox #2: Nagabhushan, M., Amonkar, A. J., Bhide, S. V. Mutagenicity of gingerol and shogaol and antimutagenicity of zingerone in Salmonella/microsome assay. cancer letters (shannon, ireland), 1987, p. 221–233. .

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 1535 (CHD030ST)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

with
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Fresh ginger extracted mutagenic in strains TA 1535 in the presence of S9 mix
Internal remarks:

Positive Ames test ginger extract (TA1535)
Internal ID:

CAPLUS_1987:613390

Genotox #3: Nagabhushan, M., Amonkar, A. J., Bhide, S. V. Mutagenicity of gingerol and shogaol and antimutagenicity of zingerone in Salmonella/microsome assay. cancer letters (shannon, ireland), 1987, p. 221–233. .

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 100 (CHD024ST)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

with
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

gingerol mutagenic in strains TA 100 in the presence of S9 mix.
Internal remarks:

Positive Ames test gingerol from ginger extract (TA100)
Internal ID:

CAPLUS_1987:613390

Genotox #4: Nagabhushan, M., Amonkar, A. J., Bhide, S. V. Mutagenicity of gingerol and shogaol and antimutagenicity of zingerone in Salmonella/microsome assay. cancer letters (shannon, ireland), 1987, p. 221–233. .

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 1535 (CHD030ST)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

with
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

gingerol mutagenic in strains TA 1535 in the presence of S9 mix.
Internal remarks:

Positive Ames test gingerol from ginger extract (TA1535)
Internal ID:

CAPLUS_1987:613390

Genotox #5: Nagabhushan, M., Amonkar, A. J., Bhide, S. V. Mutagenicity of gingerol and shogaol and antimutagenicity of zingerone in Salmonella/microsome assay. cancer letters (shannon, ireland), 1987, p. 221–233. .

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 1535 (CHD030ST)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

with
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Shogaol mutagenic in strains TA 1535 in the presence of S9 mix.
Internal remarks:

Positive Ames test shogaol from ginger extract (TA1535)
Internal ID:

CAPLUS_1987:613390

Genotox #6: Nagabhushan, M., Amonkar, A. J., Bhide, S. V. Mutagenicity of gingerol and shogaol and antimutagenicity of zingerone in Salmonella/microsome assay. cancer letters (shannon, ireland), 1987, p. 221–233. .

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 100 (CHD024ST)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

with
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Shogaol mutagenic in strains TA 100 in the presence of S9 mix.
Internal remarks:

Positive Ames test shogaol from ginger extract (TA100)
Internal ID:

CAPLUS_1987:613390

Genotox #7: Mahmoud, I., Alkofahi, A., Abdelaziz, A. Mutagenic and toxic activities of several spices and some jordanian medicinal plants. pharmaceutical biology, 1992, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 81–85. DOI: 10.3109/13880209209053961. [DOI link]

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Guideline used:

No guideline required
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 98 (CHD029ST)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

without
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Positve Ames' test TA98 (not well reported)
Internal remarks:

Positve Ames' test TA98 (not well reported)
Internal ID:

eid=2-s2.0-84907105429

Genotox #8: Mahmoud, I., Alkofahi, A., Abdelaziz, A. Mutagenic and toxic activities of several spices and some jordanian medicinal plants. pharmaceutical biology, 1992, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 81–85. DOI: 10.3109/13880209209053961. [DOI link]

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Guideline used:

No guideline required
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 102 (CHD025ST)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

without
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Positve Ames' test TA102 (not well reported)
Internal remarks:

Positve Ames' test TA102 (not well reported)
Internal ID:

eid=2-s2.0-84907105429

Genotox #9: Ratanavalachai, Treetip., Thitiorul, Sumon., Tanuchit, Sermkiat., Jenkhetkan, Wantha., Itharat, Arunporn., Sakpakdeejaroen, Intouch. Synergistic Genotoxic Effects and Modulation of Cell Cycle by Ginger Ethanolic Extracts in Adjunct to Doxorubicin in Human Lymphocytes In Vitro. . journal of the medical association of thailand = chotmaihet thangphaet, 2015, vol. 98 Suppl 3, p. S101–9. .

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

sister chromatid exchange assay in mammalian cells (CHD039TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Guideline used:

According to
Tested organism:

Other (A07XE)
Strain of test organism:

lymphocytes (CHD036ST)
Sex:

No data
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

not applicable
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

chromosome aberration
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Ethanolic extract of ginger root induced Sister Chromatide Exchange at dosages 50 and 400 microg/ml
Internal remarks:

Positive sister chromatide exchange assay of ginger extract
Internal ID:

MEDLINE:26387396

Genotox #10: Yang, Guang., Zhong, Laifu., Jiang, Liping., Geng, Chengyan., Cao, Jun., Sun, Xiance., Ma, Yufang. Genotoxic effect of 6-gingerol on human hepatoma G2 cells. chemico-biological interactions, 2010, vol. 185, no. 1, p. 12–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.017. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

single cell gel/comet assay in mammalian cells for detection of DNA damage (CHD040TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Other (A07XE)
Strain of test organism:

Hep G2 human cell line (CHD114ST)
Sex:

No data
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

not applicable
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

6-gingerol caused DNA strand breaks and chromosome damage
Internal remarks:

6-gingerol positive Comet Assay
Internal ID:

WOS:000277751300003

Genotox #11: Abudayyak, Mahmoud., Ozdemir Nath, Ebru., Ozhan, Gul. Toxic potentials of ten herbs commonly used for aphrodisiac effect in Turkey . turkish journal of medical sciences, 2015, vol. 45, no. 3, p. 496–506. DOI: 10.3906/sag-1401-153. [DOI link]

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 98 (CHD029ST)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

with and without
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Positive Ames test TA98 on water extract with S9 (negative without S9, negative with TA100)
Internal remarks:

Positive Ames test activated TA98
Internal ID:

WOS:000356357800005