EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Cryptostegia grandiflora Roxb. ex R.Br.

Family:: Apocynaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 7
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: Acanthoside B in leaves #2: Cardiac glycosides in leaves (Cryptostigmin II) #3: gitoxigenin in fruit #4: oleandrigenin in fruit #5: Cardenolides (subalpinosid and 16-O-acetyl-digitalinum verum) in leaves #6: Cardiac glycosides (Cryptostigmin I-IV) in leaves #7: P-coumaric acid in leaves #8: Gallic acid in leaves #9: 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid in leaves #10: Protocatechuic acid in leaves

Endpoint Studies

#1: Sudden cardiac arrest in cattle. Congestion and cyanosis of blood vessels, esp. the cerebral and myocardial vessels, and perivascular hemorrhages. #2: Mortality in sheep and goats within 36 hours #3: Poisoning after ingestion of leaf extract #4: Heart failure after ingestion of leaves in elephants

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Assaf, M. H., Kamel, M. S., Bishay, D. W. Phenolic and aliphatic glucosides from Cryptostegia grandiflora and cardiotonic activity of cryptostigmin II. bulletin of pharmaceutical sciences, assiut university, 2003, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 41–48. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH 70 %
Substance:

Acanthoside B (RF-00011066-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Acanthoside B in leaves

Composition #2: Assaf, M. H., Kamel, M. S., Bishay, D. W. Phenolic and aliphatic glucosides from Cryptostegia grandiflora and cardiotonic activity of cryptostigmin II. bulletin of pharmaceutical sciences, assiut university, 2003, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 41–48. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH 70 %
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Cryptostigmin II
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardiac glycosides in leaves (Cryptostigmin II)

Composition #3: El Zalabani, S. M., Abdel Sattar, E. A., Fathy, F. I., Shehab, N. G. Phytochemical study of flowers and latex of Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. cultivated in Egypt. bulletin of the faculty of pharmacy (cairo university), 2004, vol. 42, no. 2, p. 159–169. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Substance:

gitoxigenin (RF-00003408-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

gitoxigenin in fruit

Composition #4: El Zalabani, S. M., Abdel Sattar, E. A., Fathy, F. I., Shehab, N. G. Phytochemical study of flowers and latex of Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. cultivated in Egypt. bulletin of the faculty of pharmacy (cairo university), 2004, vol. 42, no. 2, p. 159–169. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Substance:

oleandrigenin (RF-00003523-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

oleandrigenin in fruit

Composition #5: Kamel, MS., Assaf, MH., Abe, Y., Ohtani, K., Kasai, R., Yamasaki, K. Cardiac glycosides from Cryptostegia grandiflora. phytochemistry, 2001, vol. 58, no. 4, p. 537–542. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00297-7. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

70% EtOH
Substance:

cardenolides (RF-00004389-PAR)
Additional substance description:

subalpinosid and 16-O-acetyl-digitalinum verum
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardenolides (subalpinosid and 16-O-acetyl-digitalinum verum) in leaves

Composition #6: Kamel, MS., Assaf, MH., Abe, Y., Ohtani, K., Kasai, R., Yamasaki, K. Cardiac glycosides from Cryptostegia grandiflora. phytochemistry, 2001, vol. 58, no. 4, p. 537–542. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00297-7. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

70% EtOH
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Additional substance description:

cryptostigmin I-IV
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardiac glycosides (Cryptostigmin I-IV) in leaves

Composition #7: Prabakaran, Mayakrishnan., Kim, Seung-Hyun., Hemapriya, Venkatesan., Chung, Ill-Min. Evaluation of polyphenol composition and anti-corrosion properties of Cryptostegia grandiflora plant extract on mild steel in acidic medium . journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, 2016, vol. 37, p. 47–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.03.006. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

p-coumaric acid (RF-00010717-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

10.25
Internal remarks:

P-coumaric acid in leaves

Composition #8: Prabakaran, Mayakrishnan., Kim, Seung-Hyun., Hemapriya, Venkatesan., Chung, Ill-Min. Evaluation of polyphenol composition and anti-corrosion properties of Cryptostegia grandiflora plant extract on mild steel in acidic medium . journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, 2016, vol. 37, p. 47–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.03.006. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

gallic acid (RF-00003821-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

48.33
Internal remarks:

Gallic acid in leaves

Composition #9: Prabakaran, Mayakrishnan., Kim, Seung-Hyun., Hemapriya, Venkatesan., Chung, Ill-Min. Evaluation of polyphenol composition and anti-corrosion properties of Cryptostegia grandiflora plant extract on mild steel in acidic medium . journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, 2016, vol. 37, p. 47–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.03.006. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (RF-00008325-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

12.33
Internal remarks:

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid in leaves

Composition #10: Prabakaran, Mayakrishnan., Kim, Seung-Hyun., Hemapriya, Venkatesan., Chung, Ill-Min. Evaluation of polyphenol composition and anti-corrosion properties of Cryptostegia grandiflora plant extract on mild steel in acidic medium . journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, 2016, vol. 37, p. 47–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.03.006. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (RF-00008853-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

35.22
Internal remarks:

Protocatechuic acid in leaves

Endpoint study #1: McGavin, M. D. Rubbervine (Cryptostegia grandiflora) toxicity for ruminants. queensland journal of agricultural and animal sciences, 1969, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 9–19. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Water
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight (G226A)
Effect concentration:

0.7
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

Sudden cardiac arrest. Congestion and cyanosis of blood vessels, esp. the cerebral and myocardial vessels, and perivascular hemorrhages.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Sudden cardiac arrest in cattle. Congestion and cyanosis of blood vessels, esp. the cerebral and myocardial vessels, and perivascular hemorrhages.

Endpoint study #2: McGavin, M. D. Rubbervine (Cryptostegia grandiflora) toxicity for ruminants. queensland journal of agricultural and animal sciences, 1969, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 9–19. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Water
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Sheep (as animal) (A057G)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight (G226A)
Effect concentration:

0.21-0.38
Critical effect:

NOT REPORTED (TOX17A)
Effect description:

Mortality within 36 hours
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality in sheep and goats within 36 hours

Endpoint study #3: Sangle, Shashikala A., Inamdar, Sonali., Deshmukh, Vikrant. Cryptostegia grandiflora Toxicity Manifesting as Hyperkalemia, Complete Heart Block and Thrombocytopenia. . the journal of the association of physicians of india, 2015, vol. 63, no. 5, p. 79–81. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

digitoxin (RF-00003778-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

leave extract
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

repeated episodes of vomiting, breathlessness and disorientation, nausea, heart block, with the heart rate of 40 beats per minute; spontaneous epistaxis; digoxin levels were measured (4 ng/ml)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Poisoning after ingestion of leaf extract

Endpoint study #4: BRAIN, C., FOX, VEB. SUSPECTED CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE POISONING IN ELEPHANTS (LOXODONTA-AFRICANA). journal of the south african veterinary association-tydskrif van die suid-afrikaanse veterinere vereniging, 1994, vol. 65, no. 4, p. 173–174. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Mammals (as animal) (A056H)
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Death of 2 elephants; lung congestion, epi- and endocardial haemorrhages and hyperaemic areas in the mucosa of the stomach and small intestine; histopathological changes in myocardium
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Heart failure after ingestion of leaves in elephants