EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Chaya (as plant) // Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I.M.Johnst. // Cnidoscolus chayamensa // Jatropha aconitifolia

Family:: Euphorbiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 7
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: Alkaloids in leaves #2: HCN in aerial parts #3: Saponins in leaves #4: Alkaloids in leaves #5: Anthraquinones in leaves #6: Oxalate in leaves #7: Saponins in C. aconitifolius #8: Cyanogenic glycosides in C. aconitifolius #9: Alkaloids in C. aconitifolius

Endpoint Studies

#1: Haematological changes #2: Infertility and contraception caused by water extract in rats #3: Histopathological changes of testes

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Oduse, Kayode A., Idowu, Micheal A., Adegbite, Adefolawe A. Chemical and phytochemical profile of some uncommon green leafy vegetables consumed in South West, Nigeria. iosr journal of environmental science, toxicology and food technology, 2012, vol. 1, no. 3), 22-2, p. 5 pp. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ether
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

13.83
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in leaves

Composition #2: González-Laredo, R.F., Flores De La Hoya, M.E., Quintero-Ramos, M.J., Karchesy, J.J. Flavonoid and cyanogenic contents of chaya (Spinach Tree). plant foods for human nutrition, 2003, vol. 58, no. 3, p. 1–8. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Hydrocyanic acid (RF-00000333-TOX)
Additional substance description:

HCN and derivatives
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

chromathographic separation and spectrometric analysis
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Non Quantified Value ( less than LOQ) (LOQ)
Value (concentration, content):

2.73- 4.25
Internal remarks:

HCN in aerial parts

Composition #3: Yakubu, M.T., Akanji, M.A., Oladiji, A.T., Olatinwo, A.O., Adesokan, A.A., Yakubu, M.O., Owoyele, B.V., Sunmonu, T.O., Ajao, M.S. Effect of Cnidoscolous aconitifolius (Miller) I.M. Johnston leaf extract on reproductive hormones of female rats. iranian journal of reproductive medicine, 2008, vol. 6, no. 3, p. 149–155. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.60
Internal remarks:

Saponins in leaves

Composition #4: Yakubu, M.T., Akanji, M.A., Oladiji, A.T., Olatinwo, A.O., Adesokan, A.A., Yakubu, M.O., Owoyele, B.V., Sunmonu, T.O., Ajao, M.S. Effect of Cnidoscolous aconitifolius (Miller) I.M. Johnston leaf extract on reproductive hormones of female rats. iranian journal of reproductive medicine, 2008, vol. 6, no. 3, p. 149–155. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.75
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in leaves

Composition #5: Yakubu, M.T., Akanji, M.A., Oladiji, A.T., Olatinwo, A.O., Adesokan, A.A., Yakubu, M.O., Owoyele, B.V., Sunmonu, T.O., Ajao, M.S. Effect of Cnidoscolous aconitifolius (Miller) I.M. Johnston leaf extract on reproductive hormones of female rats. iranian journal of reproductive medicine, 2008, vol. 6, no. 3, p. 149–155. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

anthraquinones (RF-00004343-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.072
Internal remarks:

Anthraquinones in leaves

Composition #6: Donkoh, A., Atuahene, CC., Poku-Prempeh, YB., Twum, IG. The nutritive value of chaya leaf meal (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) Johnston): studies with broiler chickens . animal feed science and technology, 1999, vol. 77, no. 1-2, p. 163–172. DOI: 10.1016/S0377-8401(98)00231-4. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.85
Internal remarks:

Oxalate in leaves

Composition #7: Jaramillo Jaramillo, Carmita., Jaramillo Espinoza, Anyi., D'Armas, Haydelba., Troccoli, Luis., Rojas de Astudillo, Luisa. Concentrations of alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, polyphenols and saponins in selected medicinal plants from Ecuador and their relationship with acute toxicity against Artemia salina . revista de biologia tropical, 2016, vol. 64, no. 3, p. 1171–1184. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.45
Internal remarks:

Saponins in C. aconitifolius

Composition #8: Jaramillo Jaramillo, Carmita., Jaramillo Espinoza, Anyi., D'Armas, Haydelba., Troccoli, Luis., Rojas de Astudillo, Luisa. Concentrations of alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, polyphenols and saponins in selected medicinal plants from Ecuador and their relationship with acute toxicity against Artemia salina . revista de biologia tropical, 2016, vol. 64, no. 3, p. 1171–1184. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Cyanogenic glycosides (RF-00004375-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5.02
Internal remarks:

Cyanogenic glycosides in C. aconitifolius

Composition #9: Jaramillo Jaramillo, Carmita., Jaramillo Espinoza, Anyi., D'Armas, Haydelba., Troccoli, Luis., Rojas de Astudillo, Luisa. Concentrations of alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, polyphenols and saponins in selected medicinal plants from Ecuador and their relationship with acute toxicity against Artemia salina . revista de biologia tropical, 2016, vol. 64, no. 3, p. 1171–1184. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.69
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in C. aconitifolius

Endpoint study #1: Adedapo, Adeolu Alex., Abatan, Matthew Oluwole., Olorunsogo, Olufunso Olabode. Effects of some plants of the spurge family on haematological and biochemical parameters in rats . veterinarski arhiv, 2007, vol. 77, no. 1, p. 29–38. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Sprague-Dawley (CHD012ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

14.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Millilitre/100 gram (G068A)
Effect concentration:

2
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

Haematological changes (reduction (P<0.05) in the levels of PCV and haemoglobin concentration; significant changes of the total white blood cells; increase in the levels of total protein, albumin and AST activity; increase in the level of ALT
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

Haematological changes

Endpoint study #2: Yakubu, M.T., Akanji, M.A., Oladiji, A.T., Olatinwo, A.O., Adesokan, A.A., Yakubu, M.O., Owoyele, B.V., Sunmonu, T.O., Ajao, M.S. Effect of Cnidoscolous aconitifolius (Miller) I.M. Johnston leaf extract on reproductive hormones of female rats. iranian journal of reproductive medicine, 2008, vol. 6, no. 3, p. 149–155. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

7.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

15
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

250-1000
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

Urogenital (TT006A)
Effect description:

Infertility and contraception (decrease of female reproductive hormon levels)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Infertility and contraception caused by water extract in rats

Endpoint study #3: Christopher Lucky, S., Edward, U.-N.O. Histological effects of aqueous leaf extract of Chaya(Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) on the testes and epididymis of adult wistar rats. journal of medicine and biomedical research, 2014, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 120–128. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

18
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight (G226A)
Effect concentration:

1.5
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Testes (TT050A)
Effect description:

Histopathological changes of testes (decrease of epididimal testicular weight, disruption iin the architecture of testes, immature sperm cells)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Histopathological changes of testes