EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Chamaeleon gummifer (L.) Cass. // Atractylis gummifera Salzm. ex L. // Carlina gummifera (L.) Less.

Family:: Asteraceae (Compositae)
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 235
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: atractyloside in rhizomes #2: carboxyatractyloside in roots #3: atractyloside in roots

Endpoint Studies

#1: case report - vomiting, abdominal colic, cyanosis, coma, congested intestine, haemorrhages in stomach and kidney, mortality #2: 56 cases about various plans; Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, hematemesis, jaundice, atrophy of the liver, headache, drowsiness, dizziness, seizures, coma, repolarization disturbances, arrhythmia, conduction disturbances, lethal cases of liver failure involved 16 Atractylis gummifera poisonings #3: nausea, abdominal pain, headache, neurovegetative symptoms, hepatorenal failure, mortality #4: case report - abdominal pain, vomiting, fatigue, weight loss, hepatic cytolysis

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Daniele, C., Dahamna, S., Firuzi, O., Sekfali, N., Saso, L., Mazzanti, G. Atractylis gummifera L. poisoning: an ethnopharmacological review. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2005, vol. 97, no. 2, p. 175–181. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.11.025. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

atractyloside (RF-00004170-PAR)
Analytical method - additional description:

unspecified
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.12-1.57
Internal remarks:

atractyloside in rhizomes

Composition #2: Carlier, Jeremy., Romeuf, Ludovic., Guitton, Jerome., Priez-Barallon, Cedric., Bevalot, Fabien., Fanton, Laurent., Gaillard, Yvan. A Validated Method for Quantifying Atractyloside and Carboxyatractyloside in Blood by HPLC-HRMS/MS, a Non-Fatal Case of Intoxication with Atractylis gummifera L. . journal of analytical toxicology, 2014, vol. 38, no. 9, p. 619–627. DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku078. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetonitrile 50%
Substance:

carboxyatractyloside (RF-00003728-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC-HRMS
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

6.2
Internal remarks:

carboxyatractyloside in roots

Composition #3: Carlier, Jeremy., Romeuf, Ludovic., Guitton, Jerome., Priez-Barallon, Cedric., Bevalot, Fabien., Fanton, Laurent., Gaillard, Yvan. A Validated Method for Quantifying Atractyloside and Carboxyatractyloside in Blood by HPLC-HRMS/MS, a Non-Fatal Case of Intoxication with Atractylis gummifera L. . journal of analytical toxicology, 2014, vol. 38, no. 9, p. 619–627. DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku078. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetonitrile 50%
Substance:

atractyloside (RF-00004170-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC-HRMS
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.9
Internal remarks:

atractyloside in roots

Endpoint study #1: Abdualmjid, R.J., Sergi, C. Hepatotoxic botanicals - An evidence-based systematic review. journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2013, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 376–404. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Stomach (TT027A)
Effect description:

vomiting, abdominal colic, cyanosis, coma, congested intestine, haemorrhages in stomach and kidney, mortality, epigastric pain
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

urinalysis (CHD029BE)
Internal remarks:

case report - vomiting, abdominal colic, cyanosis, coma, congested intestine, haemorrhages in stomach and kidney, mortality

Endpoint study #2: Hamouda, C., Amamou, M., Thabet, H., Yacoub, M., Hedhili, A., Bescharnia, F., Ben Salah, N., Zhioua, M., Abdelmoumen, S., Ben Brahim, NE. Plant poisonings from herbal medication admitted to a Tunisian toxicologic intensive care unit, 1983-1998 . veterinary and human toxicology, 2000, vol. 42, no. 3, p. 137–141. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

atractyloside (RF-00004170-PAR)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Additional plant/substance description:

rhizome
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, hematemesis, jaundice, atrophy of the liver, headache, drowsiness, dizziness, seizures, coma, repolarization disturbances, arrhythmia, conduction disturbances
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

56 cases about various plans; Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, hematemesis, jaundice, atrophy of the liver, headache, drowsiness, dizziness, seizures, coma, repolarization disturbances, arrhythmia, conduction disturbances, lethal cases of liver failure involved 16 Atractylis gummifera poisonings

Endpoint study #3: Stickel, Felix., Egerer, Gerlinde., Seitz, Helmut Karl. Hepatotoxicity of botanicals. public health nutrition, 2000, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 113–124. DOI: 10.1017/S1368980000000161. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

nausea, abdominal pain, headache, neurovegetative symptoms, hepatorenal failure, pronounced hypoglycaemia, inhibition of gluconeogenesis, mortality
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

nausea, abdominal pain, headache, neurovegetative symptoms, hepatorenal failure, mortality

Endpoint study #4: Carlier, Jeremy., Romeuf, Ludovic., Guitton, Jerome., Priez-Barallon, Cedric., Bevalot, Fabien., Fanton, Laurent., Gaillard, Yvan. A Validated Method for Quantifying Atractyloside and Carboxyatractyloside in Blood by HPLC-HRMS/MS, a Non-Fatal Case of Intoxication with Atractylis gummifera L. . journal of analytical toxicology, 2014, vol. 38, no. 9, p. 619–627. DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku078. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

from abdominal pain, vomiting, fatigue and weight loss, high concentrations of ALAT and ASAT, indicating hepatic cytolysis
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

body weight (CHD005BE)
Internal remarks:

case report - abdominal pain, vomiting, fatigue, weight loss, hepatic cytolysis