EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Xanthium spinosum L.

Family:: Asteraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 194
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: Sesquiterpene lactone xanthatin in epigeal part #2: Beta-selinene in aerial parts #3: Myrcene in aerial parts #4: Cadalene in aerial parts #5: cardenolide glycosides in bark #6: tannins in leaves #7: carboxyatractyloside in aerial parts #8: 3’, 4’-didesulphated-carboxyatractyloside and 3’, 4’-didesulphatedatractyloside in aerial parts #9: carboxyatractyloside in aerial parts

Endpoint Studies

#1: hepatic and renal dysfunction in rats

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Babakhodzhaev, A., Kasymov, Sh.Z., Sidyakin, G.P. Xanthatin from Xanthium spinosum. chemistry of natural compounds, 1975, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 529. DOI: 10.1007/BF00568655. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water/ chloroform
Substance:

xanthatin (RF-00004103-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Sesquiterpene lactone xanthatin in epigeal part

Composition #2: Andreani, Stephane., Paolini, Julien., Costa, Jean., Muselli, Alain. Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Xanthium spinosum L., an Invasive Species of Corsica. . chemistry & biodiversity, 2017, vol. 14, no. 1 . DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600148. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

beta-selinene (RF-00011306-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC-FID and GC-MS
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.2 - 1.9
Internal remarks:

Beta-selinene in aerial parts

Composition #3: Andreani, Stephane., Paolini, Julien., Costa, Jean., Muselli, Alain. Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Xanthium spinosum L., an Invasive Species of Corsica. . chemistry & biodiversity, 2017, vol. 14, no. 1 . DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600148. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC-FID and GC-MS
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<= 2.2
Internal remarks:

Myrcene in aerial parts

Composition #4: Andreani, Stephane., Paolini, Julien., Costa, Jean., Muselli, Alain. Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Xanthium spinosum L., an Invasive Species of Corsica. . chemistry & biodiversity, 2017, vol. 14, no. 1 . DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600148. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

Cadalene (RF-00011304-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC-FID and GC-MS
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.1 - 8.1
Internal remarks:

Cadalene in aerial parts

Composition #5: Ansari, AH., Dubey, KS. 2-Desacetyl-8-epi-xanthumanol-4-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside: The potential antitumour sesquiterpenoidal lactone from Xanthium spinosum bark . asian journal of chemistry, 2000, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 521–526. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethyl acetate
Substance:

cardenolide glycosides cardenolide glycosides (RF-00004348-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cardenolide glycosides in bark

Composition #6: Ciucure, Corina Teodora., Sandru, Daniela., Lengyel, Ecaterina., Iancu, Ramona., Tita, Ovidiu. IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF TANNINS AND ANTHOCYANINS FROM PLANTS WITH BIOACTIVE POTENTIAL . nano, bio and green - technologies for a sustainable future conference proceedings, sgem 2016, vol i, 2016, p. 575–582. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method - additional description:

unspecified
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tannins in leaves

Composition #7: Piacente, S., Pizza, C., DeTommasi, N., DeSimone, F. Sesquiterpene and diterpene glycosides from Xanthium spinosum. phytochemistry, 1996, vol. 41, no. 5, p. 1357–1360. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00719-9. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chlorofom + methanol
Substance:

carboxyatractyloside (RF-00003728-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy (F060A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

carboxyatractyloside in aerial parts

Composition #8: Piacente, S., Pizza, C., DeTommasi, N., DeSimone, F. Sesquiterpene and diterpene glycosides from Xanthium spinosum. phytochemistry, 1996, vol. 41, no. 5, p. 1357–1360. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00719-9. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chlorofom + methanol
Substance:

atractyloside (RF-00004170-PAR)
Additional substance description:

3’, 4’-didesulphated-carboxyatractyloside and 3’, 4’-didesulphatedatractyloside
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy (F060A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

3’, 4’-didesulphated-carboxyatractyloside and 3’, 4’-didesulphatedatractyloside in aerial parts

Composition #9: Piacente, S., Pizza, C., DeTommasi, N., DeSimone, F. Sesquiterpene and diterpene glycosides from Xanthium spinosum. phytochemistry, 1996, vol. 41, no. 5, p. 1357–1360. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00719-9. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chlorofom + methanol
Substance:

atractyloside (RF-00004170-PAR)
Additional substance description:

carboxvyatractyloside
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy (F060A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

carboxyatractyloside in aerial parts

Endpoint study #1: Silvero-Isidre, Arturo., Morinigo-Guayuan, Sergio., Meza-Ojeda, Aaron., Mongelos-Cardozo, Marcelo., Gonzalez-Ayala, Aldo., Figueredo-Thiel, Susy. Acute toxicity of Xanthium spinosum leaves in BALB/C mice .. revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica, 2016, vol. 33, no. 1, p. 113–9. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Balb/c (CHD002ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

14.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

35
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

1000
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

hepatic and renal dysfunction
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

urinalysis (CHD029BE)
Internal remarks:

hepatic and renal dysfunction in rats