EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Virola sebifera Aubl.

Family:: Myristicaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 114
Number of processed references:: 9

Compositions

#1: 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in bark #2: N-methyltryptamine in leaves #3: N,N-dimethyltryptamine in bark #4: N-methyltryptamine in bark #5: #6: 2 new dibenzylbutane lignans in leaves #7: (-)-haplomyrfolin (lignan) in leaves #8: Lignans in seeds #9: Lignans in leaves #10: Lutein epoxide in leaves #11: Violaxanthin in leaves #12: Kobusin in leaves #13: Sesamin (asarinin) in leaves #14: alkaloids (N-methyl-N-formyltryptamine and N-methyl-N-acetyltryptamine, 2-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-Brboline, iV,N-dimethyltryptamine, its oxide and N-monomethyltryptamine) in bark #15: Lignans in fruits

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: McKenna, Dennis J., Towers, G. H. N., Abbott, F. S. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in South American hallucinogenic plants. Part 2: constituents of orally-active Myristicaceous hallucinogens. journal of ethnopharmacology, 1984, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 179–211. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

N,N-Dimethyl-5-methoxytryptamine (RF-00003828-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in bark

Composition #2: McKenna, Dennis J., Towers, G. H. N., Abbott, F. S. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in South American hallucinogenic plants. Part 2: constituents of orally-active Myristicaceous hallucinogens. journal of ethnopharmacology, 1984, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 179–211. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

tryptamine alkaloids (RF-00004388-PAR)
Additional substance description:

"N-methyltryptamine"
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

N-methyltryptamine in leaves

Composition #3: McKenna, Dennis J., Towers, G. H. N., Abbott, F. S. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in South American hallucinogenic plants. Part 2: constituents of orally-active Myristicaceous hallucinogens. journal of ethnopharmacology, 1984, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 179–211. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

N,N-DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE (RF-00004089-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

N,N-dimethyltryptamine in bark

Composition #4: McKenna, Dennis J., Towers, G. H. N., Abbott, F. S. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in South American hallucinogenic plants. Part 2: constituents of orally-active Myristicaceous hallucinogens. journal of ethnopharmacology, 1984, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 179–211. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

tryptamine alkaloids (RF-00004388-PAR)
Additional substance description:

"N-methyltryptamine"
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

N-methyltryptamine in bark

Composition #5: Martinez V., Juan C., Cuca S., Luis E., Martinez M., Patricia. Furofuranolignans in the bark of Virola sebifera (Aublet). revista colombiana de quimica, 1987, vol. 1985, 14(1-2), p. 117–25. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

toluene ext of the stem bark
Substance:

Kobusin (RF-00013327-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)

Composition #6: Martinez, JC., Aldana, MI., Cuca, LE. The chemistry of Colombian Myristicaceae. Part 14. Dibenzylbutane lignans from Virola sebifera leaves . phytochemistry, 1999, vol. 50, no. 5, p. 883–886. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00615-3. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petrol then toluene (began with 2.17 kg dried and powdered leaves)
Substance:

lignans (RF-00004361-PAR)
Additional substance description:

dibenzylbutane lignans (2 new compounds, no common names given)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: IR, UV, EIMS
Result unit:

Milligram (G155A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

16-352
Internal remarks:

2 new dibenzylbutane lignans in leaves

Composition #7: Martinez, JC., Aldana, MI., Cuca, LE. The chemistry of Colombian Myristicaceae. Part 14. Dibenzylbutane lignans from Virola sebifera leaves . phytochemistry, 1999, vol. 50, no. 5, p. 883–886. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00615-3. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petrol then toluene (began with 2.17 kg dried and powdered leaves)
Substance:

lignans (RF-00004361-PAR)
Additional substance description:

(-)-haplomyrfolin
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: IR, UV, EIMS
Result unit:

Milligram (G155A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

44
Internal remarks:

(-)-haplomyrfolin (lignan) in leaves

Composition #8: Rezende, KR., Kato, MJ. Dibenzylbutane and aryltetralone lignans from seeds of Virola sebifera. phytochemistry, 2002, vol. 61, no. 4, p. 427–432. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00242-X. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hot acetone, hexane- EtOAc (9:1–1:1), and ether:hexane (1:6)
Substance:

lignans (RF-00004361-PAR)
Additional substance description:

only IUPAC names given, no common names
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: LRMS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Lignans in seeds

Composition #9: Denny, Carina., Zacharias, Marcela Engelbrecht., Tasca Gois Ruiz, Ana Lucia., do Amaral, Maria do Carmo E., Bittrich, Volker., Kohn, Luciana Konecny., de Oliveira Sousa, Ilza Maria., Ferreira Rodrigues, Rodney Alexandre., de Carvalho, Joao Ernesto., Foglio, Mary Ann. Antiproliferative properties of polyketides isolated from Virola sebifera leaves . phytotherapy research, 2008, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 127–130. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2251. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

dichloromethane and ethanol
Substance:

lignans (RF-00004361-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: NMR, IR, HREIMS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Lignans in leaves

Composition #10: Matsubara, Shizue., Krause, G. Heinrich., Seltmann, Martin., Virgo, Aurelio., Kursar, Thomas A., Jahns, Peter., Winter, Klaus. Lutein epoxide cycle, light harvesting and photoprotection in species of the tropical tree genus Inga . plant cell and environment, 2008, vol. 31, no. 4, p. 548–561. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01788.x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Substance:

Lutein epoxide (RF-00011263-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Units of concentration presented as "millimole/mole chlorophyll"
Substance used for equivalence:

Chlorophylls (RF-00001291-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Millimole (G115A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

25.7
Internal remarks:

Lutein epoxide in leaves

Composition #11: Matsubara, Shizue., Krause, G. Heinrich., Seltmann, Martin., Virgo, Aurelio., Kursar, Thomas A., Jahns, Peter., Winter, Klaus. Lutein epoxide cycle, light harvesting and photoprotection in species of the tropical tree genus Inga . plant cell and environment, 2008, vol. 31, no. 4, p. 548–561. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01788.x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Substance:

Violaxanthin (RF-00013331-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Units of concentration presented as "millimole/mole chlorophyll"
Substance used for equivalence:

Chlorophylls (RF-00001291-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Millimole (G115A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

20.7
Internal remarks:

Violaxanthin in leaves

Composition #12: Tonelli, F. M. P., De Siqueira, J. M., Maia, G. A. S., Soares, L. F., Da Silva, D. B., Carollo, C. A., Sartori, A. L. B. Bioautography as a search tool to identify the allelopathic compounds in Virola sebifera . allelopathy journal, 2014, vol. 33, no. 2, p. 277–288. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol and water mixture (7:3 v/v), followed by hexane partitioning
Substance:

Kobusin (RF-00013327-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Kobusin in leaves

Composition #13: Tonelli, F. M. P., De Siqueira, J. M., Maia, G. A. S., Soares, L. F., Da Silva, D. B., Carollo, C. A., Sartori, A. L. B. Bioautography as a search tool to identify the allelopathic compounds in Virola sebifera . allelopathy journal, 2014, vol. 33, no. 2, p. 277–288. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol and water mixture (7:3 v/v), followed by hexane partitioning
Substance:

asarinin (RF-00004158-PAR)
Additional substance description:

synonym: "sesamin"
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Sesamin (asarinin) in leaves

Composition #14: KAWANISHI, K., UHARA, Y., HASHIMOTO, Y. ALKALOIDS FROM THE HALLUCINOGENIC PLANT VIROLA-SEBIFERA. phytochemistry, 1985, vol. 24, no. 6, p. 1373–1375. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81137-1. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

meOH
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

N-methyl-N-formyltryptamine and N-methyl-N-acetyltryptamine, 2-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-Brboline, iV,N-dimethyltryptamine, its oxide and N-monomethyltryptamine
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC and NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids (N-methyl-N-formyltryptamine and N-methyl-N-acetyltryptamine, 2-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-Brboline, iV,N-dimethyltryptamine, its oxide and N-monomethyltryptamine) in bark

Composition #15: YOSHIDA, M., Seidl, PR., Gottlieb, OR., Kaplan, MAC. BIOLOGICALLY-ACTIVE NEOLIGNANS FROM AMAZONIAN TREES. chemistry of the amazon: biodiversity, natural products, and environmental issues, 1995, vol. 588, p. 85–92. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Substance:

lignans (RF-00004361-PAR)
Additional substance description:

oxootobain and indanone neolignans
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Analytical method - additional description:

review article - no details
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Lignans in fruits