EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Common vetch (as plant) // Vicia sativa L.

Family:: Fabaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 2757
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: vicine and convicine in seeds #2: hydrocyanic acid in seeds #3: cyanogenic glucosides in seeds #4: beta-cyanoalanine in seeds #5: gamma-Glutamyl-beta-cyanoalanine in seeds

Endpoint Studies

#1: Mortality in rabbits by ingestion of seeds #2: Mortality and hepatotoxicity in horses by ingestion of the plant #3: Mortality and hepatotoxicity in pigs by ingestion of the plant #4: Mortality and neurotoxicity in ducks by ingestion of seeds #5: Neurotoxicity in monkeys by ingestion of seeds #6: Mortality and cyanide poisoning in pregnant cows. #7: Mortality and weight loss in chicks after exposure to raw seeds

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Steyn, D. G. Poisoning of human beings by weeds contained in cereals (bread poisoning). onderstepoort journal of veterinary research, 1933, vol. 1, p. 219–66. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Raw, no heat treatment (A07HS)
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

vicine and convicine
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

vicine and convicine in seeds

Composition #2: Steyn, D. G. Poisoning of human beings by weeds contained in cereals (bread poisoning). onderstepoort journal of veterinary research, 1933, vol. 1, p. 219–66. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Raw, no heat treatment (A07HS)
Substance:

Hydrocyanic acid (RF-00000333-TOX)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

64.8
Internal remarks:

hydrocyanic acid in seeds

Composition #3: Ressler, C., Tatake, JG. Vicianin, prunasin, and beta-cyanoalanine in common vetch seed as sources of urinary thiocyanate in the rat . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2001, vol. 49, no. 10, p. 5075–5080. DOI: 10.1021/jf010343w. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

10% trichloroacetic acid and ether extraction
Substance:

Cyanogenic glycosides (RF-00004375-PAR)
Additional substance description:

vicianin prunasin
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cyanogenic glucosides in seeds

Composition #4: Ressler, C., Tatake, JG., Kaizer, E., Putnam, DH. Neurotoxins in a vetch food: Stability to cooking and removal of gamma-glutamyl-beta-cyanoalanine and beta-cyanoalanine and acute toxicity from common vetch (Vicia sativa L) legumes . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1997, vol. 45, no. 1, p. 189–194. DOI: 10.1021/jf9603745. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

30% ethanol
Substance:

beta-cyano-l-alanine (RF-00003648-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Pico-Tag analysis involving pre-column derivatization with phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) followed by HPLC (Cohen et al., 1989).
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.01-0.03
Internal remarks:

beta-cyanoalanine in seeds

Composition #5: Ressler, C., Tatake, JG., Kaizer, E., Putnam, DH. Neurotoxins in a vetch food: Stability to cooking and removal of gamma-glutamyl-beta-cyanoalanine and beta-cyanoalanine and acute toxicity from common vetch (Vicia sativa L) legumes . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1997, vol. 45, no. 1, p. 189–194. DOI: 10.1021/jf9603745. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

30% ethanol
Substance:

gamma-Glutamyl-beta-cyanoalanine (RF-00013683-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Pico-Tag analysis involving pre-column derivatization with phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) followed by HPLC (Cohen et al., 1989).
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.42-0.74
Internal remarks:

gamma-Glutamyl-beta-cyanoalanine in seeds

Endpoint study #1: Steyn, D. G. Poisoning of human beings by weeds contained in cereals (bread poisoning). onderstepoort journal of veterinary research, 1933, vol. 1, p. 219–66. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Raw, no heat treatment (A07HS)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Sex:

No data
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram (G148A)
Effect concentration:

20
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Effect description:

s developed typical symptoms of hydrocyanic acid poisoning within five minutes and died within one and a quarter hours of dosage
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality in rabbits by ingestion of seeds

Endpoint study #2: Steyn, D. G. Poisoning of human beings by weeds contained in cereals (bread poisoning). onderstepoort journal of veterinary research, 1933, vol. 1, p. 219–66. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Horse (as animal) (A0B9Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

icterus and at post-mortem there was enlargement of the liver, loss in condition, alopecia and icterus ; the postmortem lesions were enteritis, brownish discolouration and swelling of the liver
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality and hepatotoxicity in horses by ingestion of the plant

Endpoint study #3: Steyn, D. G. Poisoning of human beings by weeds contained in cereals (bread poisoning). onderstepoort journal of veterinary research, 1933, vol. 1, p. 219–66. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Pig (as animal) (A057F)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

icterus and at post-mortem there was enlargement of the liver, loss in condition, alopecia and icterus ; the postmortem lesions were enteritis, brownish discolouration and swelling of the liver
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality and hepatotoxicity in pigs by ingestion of the plant

Endpoint study #4: Steyn, D. G. Poisoning of human beings by weeds contained in cereals (bread poisoning). onderstepoort journal of veterinary research, 1933, vol. 1, p. 219–66. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Tested organism:

Duck (as animal) (A058B)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

125.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

50
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

ataxy. walking in circles, convulsions, paresis and a kind of writhing contortion of the whole body with extreme retraction of the head and neck, and died
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality and neurotoxicity in ducks by ingestion of seeds

Endpoint study #5: Steyn, D. G. Poisoning of human beings by weeds contained in cereals (bread poisoning). onderstepoort journal of veterinary research, 1933, vol. 1, p. 219–66. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Tested organism:

Rhesus monkey (as animal) (A0CNQ)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

500.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

50
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

animals less active, unable to sit up and were constantly grinding the teeth; showed fibrillary twitching of the muscles of the arms, legs and fianks and violent convulsions of the whole body lasting from five to ten minutes; hyperexcitable and paralysis.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Neurotoxicity in monkeys by ingestion of seeds

Endpoint study #6: Suter, RJ. Suspected cyanide poisoning in cows fed vetch (Vicia sativa) hay. australian veterinary journal, 2002, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 282–282. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2002.tb10840.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

Urogenital (TT006A)
Effect description:

Cyanice poisoning: at the time of death, cows had mammary enlargement, relaxation of the vulva and a vaginal mucous discharge, all signs of impending parturition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality and cyanide poisoning in pregnant cows.

Endpoint study #7: Ressler, C., Tatake, JG., Kaizer, E., Putnam, DH. Neurotoxins in a vetch food: Stability to cooking and removal of gamma-glutamyl-beta-cyanoalanine and beta-cyanoalanine and acute toxicity from common vetch (Vicia sativa L) legumes . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1997, vol. 45, no. 1, p. 189–194. DOI: 10.1021/jf9603745. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal) (A057Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

16.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

25
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent no treatment
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Effect description:

The groups consuming the processed vetch and the basal ration showed no mortality and excellent growth for the duration of the 16-day experiment. In contrast the groups fed 50% raw vetch had a mortality of 50% at 5.9 +/- 0.7 days in a 6-day period
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality and weight loss in chicks after exposure to raw seeds