EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Ervil (as plant) // Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd.

Family:: Fabaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 249
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: Vicianin in seeds #2: Canavanine in seeds #3: Canavanine in seeds #4: Lectins in seeds #5: Condensed tannins in aerial parts (hay) #6: Canavanine in seeds #7: Phytic acid (IP6) in seeds

Endpoint Studies

#1: Reduced food consumption and body weight in chickens #2: Mortality in chickens #3: Increased pancreas weight in chickens

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Wilczek, E., Tschumi, L. Note on Vicia ervilia Willd. schweizerische apotheker-zeitung, 1919, vol. 57, 433-5, p. 448–52. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

vicianin (RF-00003621-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Vicianin in seeds

Composition #2: Sadeghi, G., Samie, A., Pourreza, J., Rahmani, H.R. Canavanine content and toxicity of raw and treated bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) seeds for broiler chicken. international journal of poultry science, 2004, vol. 3, no. 8, p. 522–529. DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2004.522.529. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Substance:

Canavanine (RF-00003991-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.073
Internal remarks:

Canavanine in seeds

Composition #3: Berger, JD., Robertson, LD., Cocks, PS. Agricultural potential of Mediterranean grain and forage legumes: 2) Anti-nutritional factor concentrations in the genus Vicia . genetic resources and crop evolution, 2003, vol. 50, no. 2, p. 201–212. DOI: 10.1023/A:1022954232533. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Substance:

Canavanine (RF-00003991-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Capillary (Zone) Electrophoresis (CE or CZE) (F071A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.035-0.11
Internal remarks:

Canavanine in seeds

Composition #4: Sadeghi, G. H., Mohammadi, L., Ibrahim, S. A., Gruber, K. J. Use of bitter vetch (vicia ervilia) as a feed ingredient for poultry. worlds poultry science journal, 2009, vol. 65, no. 1, p. 51–64. DOI: 10.1017/S0043933909000004. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.75
Internal remarks:

Lectins in seeds

Composition #5: Kaplan, Mahmut., Uzun, Sati., Kokten, Kagan. EFFECTS OF HARVEST TIME ON HAY YIELD AND QUALITY OF DIFFERENT BITTER VETCH (VICIA ERVILIA L.) LINES . legume research, 2014, vol. 37, no. 2, p. 188–194. DOI: 10.5958/j.0976-0571.37.2.028. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Substance:

Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) (RF-00004370-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Analytical method - additional description:

method of Makkar et al. 1995
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.48-1.03
Internal remarks:

Condensed tannins in aerial parts (hay)

Composition #6: Martin-Pedrosa, Mercedes., Varela, Alejandro., Guillamon, Eva., Cabellos, Blanca., Burbano, Carmen., Gomez-Fernandez, Jose., de Mercado, Eduardo., Gomez-Izquierdo, Emilio., Cuadrado, Carmen., Muzquiz, Mercedes. Biochemical characterization of legume seeds as ingredients in animal feed . spanish journal of agricultural research, 2016, vol. 14, no. 1 . DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2016141-7450. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

5 mL of 0.1 N HCl
Substance:

Canavanine (RF-00003991-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Cacho et al. (1989) and Sanchez-Vioque et al. (2008).
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.93-5.28
Internal remarks:

Canavanine in seeds

Composition #7: Martin-Pedrosa, Mercedes., Varela, Alejandro., Guillamon, Eva., Cabellos, Blanca., Burbano, Carmen., Gomez-Fernandez, Jose., de Mercado, Eduardo., Gomez-Izquierdo, Emilio., Cuadrado, Carmen., Muzquiz, Mercedes. Biochemical characterization of legume seeds as ingredients in animal feed . spanish journal of agricultural research, 2016, vol. 14, no. 1 . DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2016141-7450. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

5 mL of 0.5 M HCl
Substance:

phytic acid (RF-00000363-NTR)
Additional substance description:

"Inositol Phosphate - IP6"
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

6.21-8.11
Internal remarks:

Phytic acid (IP6) in seeds

Endpoint study #1: Sadeghi, G., Samie, A., Pourreza, J., Rahmani, H.R. Canavanine content and toxicity of raw and treated bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) seeds for broiler chicken. international journal of poultry science, 2004, vol. 3, no. 8, p. 522–529. DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2004.522.529. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal) (A057Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

42.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight per day (G212A)
Effect concentration:

150-450
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Reduced total feed intake, live weight and feed conversion ratio.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

body weight (CHD005BE)
Internal remarks:

Reduced food consumption and body weight in chickens

Endpoint study #2: Sadeghi, G., Samie, A., Pourreza, J., Rahmani, H.R. Canavanine content and toxicity of raw and treated bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) seeds for broiler chicken. international journal of poultry science, 2004, vol. 3, no. 8, p. 522–529. DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2004.522.529. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal) (A057Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

42.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight per day (G212A)
Effect concentration:

450
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Increased mortality
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality in chickens

Endpoint study #3: Sadeghi, G., Samie, A., Pourreza, J., Rahmani, H.R. Canavanine content and toxicity of raw and treated bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) seeds for broiler chicken. international journal of poultry science, 2004, vol. 3, no. 8, p. 522–529. DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2004.522.529. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal) (A057Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

4.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight per day (G212A)
Effect concentration:

150-450
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Pancreas (TT024A)
Effect description:

Increased pancreas weight (g/100 g live weight) at 2 and 4 weeks of exposure compared to controls.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

Increased pancreas weight in chickens