EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Veratrum viride Aiton

Family:: Melanthiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 319
Number of processed references:: 9

Compositions

#1: pseudojervine, rubijervine #2: jervine #3: veratrosine in roots and rhizomes #4: jervine, ribigirvine, solanidine, and veratraman in aerial parts #5: steroidal alkaloids in roots and rhizomes #6: steroidal alkaloids in roots and rhizomes

Endpoint Studies

#1: teratogenicity in mice #2: bradycardia and hypotension in humans (case reports) #3: hypotension and bradycardia in human (case report) #4: cool skin, slow respirations, poor muscle tone, absence reflexes, hypothermia in humans (case report)

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Seiferle, E. J., Johns, I. B., Richardson, C. H. Alkaloids of American hellebore and their toxicity to the American cockroach. journal of economic entomology, 1942, vol. 35, p. 35–44. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ether
Substance:

Steroidal alkaloids (RF-00004336-PAR)
Additional substance description:

pseudojervine, rubijervine
Analytical method - additional description:

crystallisation
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pseudojervine, rubijervine

Composition #2: Seiferle, E. J., Johns, I. B., Richardson, C. H. Alkaloids of American hellebore and their toxicity to the American cockroach. journal of economic entomology, 1942, vol. 35, p. 35–44. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ether
Substance:

jervine (RF-00003461-PAR)
Analytical method - additional description:

crystallisation
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

jervine

Composition #3: Jacobs, Walter A., Craig, Lyman C. Veratrine alkaloids. XXII. On pseudojervine and veratrosine, a companion glycoside in Veratrum viride. journal of biological chemistry, 1944, vol. 155, p. 565–72. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

benzene
Substance:

Steroidal alkaloids (RF-00004336-PAR)
Additional substance description:

veratrosine
Analytical method - additional description:

crystallisation
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

veratrosine in roots and rhizomes

Composition #4: Bechtel, L. K., Lawrence, D. T., Haverstick, D., Powers, J. S., Wyatt, S. A., Croley, T., Holstege, C. P. Ingestion of false hellebore plants can cross-react with a digoxin clinical chemistry assay . clinical toxicology, 2010, vol. 48, no. 5, p. 435–442. DOI: 10.3109/15563651003733666. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

benzene–5% NH4OH
Substance:

Steroidal alkaloids (RF-00004336-PAR)
Additional substance description:

jervine, ribigirvine, solanidine, and veratraman
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

LC-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

jervine, ribigirvine, solanidine, and veratraman in aerial parts

Composition #5: ELSAYED, KA., MCCHESNEY, JD., HALIM, AF., ZAGHLOUL, AM., VOEHLER, M. 2 STEROIDAL ALKALOIDS FROM VERATRUM-VIRIDE. phytochemistry, 1995, vol. 38, no. 6, p. 1547–1550. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(94)00825-E. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Steroidal alkaloids (RF-00004336-PAR)
Additional substance description:

rubivirine, veramivirine, rubijervin, isorubijervine, epirubijervine, solanidin, veramiline and veramiline 3-glucoside
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

LC-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

steroidal alkaloids in roots and rhizomes

Composition #6: ElSayed, KA., McChesney, JD., Halim, HF., Zaghloul, AM., Lee, IS. A study of alkaloids in Veratrum viride Aiton. international journal of pharmacognosy, 1996, vol. 34, no. 3, p. 161–173. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol 95%
Substance:

Steroidal alkaloids (RF-00004336-PAR)
Additional substance description:

veramarine, angeloylzygadenine, zygadenine, 15-O-methylbutyroylgermine, 1alpha, 3beta-dihydroxy 5a-jervanin-12- en-11-one,veratramine, isorubijervine, germine,pseudojervine
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

steroidal alkaloids in roots and rhizomes

Endpoint study #1: Omnell, M.L., Sim, F.R.P., Keeler, R.F., Harne, L.C., Brown, K.S. Expression of Veratrum alkaloid teratogenicity in the mouse. teratology, 1990, vol. 42, no. 2, p. 105–119. DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420420202. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

jervine (RF-00003461-PAR)
Additional plant/substance description:

Jervine isolated from Veratrum viride root and rhizome
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

C57BL (CHD061ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

17
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

300
Critical effect:

TERATOGENIC (TOX06A)
Target tissue:

Muscle, Skeletal (TT055A)
Effect description:

administration of jervine on 8,9, or 10 of gestation lead to cleft lip with or without cleft palate, isolated cleft palate, mandibular micrognathia or agnathia, and limb malformations; Fetal teratogenicity and maternal and fetal toxicity
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

teratogenicity in mice

Endpoint study #2: Jaffe, A M., Gephardt, D., Courtemanche, L. Poisoning due to ingestion of Veratrum viride (false hellebore).. the journal of emergency medicine, 1990, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 161–7. DOI: 10.1016/0736-4679(90)90226-L. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

nausea, emesis, diaphoresis, lightheadedness, bilateral retrobulbar headache, leg “spasms” , chest pain, shortness of breath, chest pain, shortness of breath, or paresthesias. bradycardia
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

gross pathology (CHD022BE)
Internal remarks:

bradycardia and hypotension in humans (case reports)

Endpoint study #3: Forrester, Joseph D., Price, Justin H., Holstege, Christopher P. Intoxication With a Ramp (Allium tricocca) Mimicker. wilderness & environmental medicine, 2010, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 61–63. DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2009.12.004. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

tongue and extremity paresthesias, hypotension and bradycardia
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

hypotension and bradycardia in human (case report)

Endpoint study #4: NEWMAN, AJ. INTOXICATION WITH VERATRUM VIRIDE. journal of pediatrics, 1952, vol. 40, no. 2, p. 233–234. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3476(52)80187-8. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Additional plant/substance description:

tablets containing 1 mg of veratrum viride
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram (G155A)
Effect concentration:

1
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

cool skin, slow resporations, poor muscle tone, absence reflexes, hypotermia
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

cool skin, slow respirations, poor muscle tone, absence reflexes, hypothermia in humans (case report)