Draft - work in progress
      
      
        
          
        -  
 
          
        
          
        -  Tussilago farfara L.
 
          
        
      
      
      
      
      
  
Tussilago farfara L.
  - Family:
 - Asteraceae
 
  - Approval state:
 - Approved
 
  - Number of articles retrieved:
 - 1255
 
  - Number of processed references:
 - 7
 
    Composition #1: Mroczek, Tomasz., Glowniak, Kazimierz., Wlaszczyk, Anna. Simultaneous determination of N-oxides and free bases of pyrrolizidine alkaloids by cation-exchange solid-phase extraction and ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. journal of chromatography a, 2002, vol. 949(1-2), p. 249–262. .
        
    
  
    
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Plant part:
            
            
                Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Extraction/Preparation method:
            
            
                Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Additional extraction description:
            
            
                Methanol + tartaric acid (rhizomes)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Substance:
            
            
                Senecionine (RF-00000232-TOX)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method code:
            
            
                Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method - additional description:
            
            
                TLC–densitometry and HPIPC quantitative determination
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result type:
            
            
                Numerical Value (VAL)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Value (concentration, content):
            
            
                1.4
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Internal remarks:
            
            
                Senecionine in flowers and in rhizomes
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
 
    Composition #2: Mroczek, Tomasz., Glowniak, Kazimierz., Wlaszczyk, Anna. Simultaneous determination of N-oxides and free bases of pyrrolizidine alkaloids by cation-exchange solid-phase extraction and ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. journal of chromatography a, 2002, vol. 949(1-2), p. 249–262. .
        
    
  
    
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Plant part:
            
            
                Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Extraction/Preparation method:
            
            
                Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Additional extraction description:
            
            
                Methanol + tartaric acid (in flower / in leaf)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Substance:
            
            
                Senkirkine (RF-00000300-TOX)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method code:
            
            
                Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method - additional description:
            
            
                TLC–densitometry and HPIPC quantitative determination
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result type:
            
            
                Numerical Value (VAL)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Value (concentration, content):
            
            
                0.45
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Internal remarks:
            
            
                Senkirkine in flowers and in leaves
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
 
    Composition #3: Mroczek, Tomasz., Glowniak, Kazimierz., Wlaszczyk, Anna. Simultaneous determination of N-oxides and free bases of pyrrolizidine alkaloids by cation-exchange solid-phase extraction and ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. journal of chromatography a, 2002, vol. 949(1-2), p. 249–262. .
        
    
  
    
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Plant part:
            
            
                Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Extraction/Preparation method:
            
            
                Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Additional extraction description:
            
            
                Methanol + tartaric acid (rhizomes)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Substance:
            
            
                Senkirkine (RF-00000300-TOX)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method code:
            
            
                Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method - additional description:
            
            
                TLC–densitometry and HPIPC quantitative determination
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result type:
            
            
                Numerical Value (VAL)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Value (concentration, content):
            
            
                92.8
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Internal remarks:
            
            
                Senkirkine in flowers and in rhizomes
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
 
    Composition #4: Avula, B., Sagi, S., Wang, Y.-H., Zweigenbaum, J., Wang, M., Khan, I.A. Characterization and screening of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and N-oxides from botanicals and dietary supplements using UHPLC-high resolution mass spectrometry. food chemistry, 2015, vol. 178, p. 136–148. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.053.
        [
DOI link]
    
 
  
    
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Plant part:
            
            
                Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Extraction/Preparation method:
            
            
                Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Additional extraction description:
            
            
                MeOH / MeOH:H2O and sulphuric acid
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Substance:
            
            
                Senecionine (RF-00000232-TOX)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method code:
            
            
                High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method - additional description:
            
            
                LC
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result unit:
            
            
                Microgram/gram (G049A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result type:
            
            
                Numerical Value (VAL)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Value (concentration, content):
            
            
                0.02
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Internal remarks:
            
            
                Senecionine in flowers
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
 
    Composition #5: Avula, B., Sagi, S., Wang, Y.-H., Zweigenbaum, J., Wang, M., Khan, I.A. Characterization and screening of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and N-oxides from botanicals and dietary supplements using UHPLC-high resolution mass spectrometry. food chemistry, 2015, vol. 178, p. 136–148. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.053.
        [
DOI link]
    
 
  
    
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Plant part:
            
            
                Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Extraction/Preparation method:
            
            
                Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Additional extraction description:
            
            
                MeOH / MeOH:H2O and sulphuric acid
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Substance:
            
            
                Senkirkine (RF-00000300-TOX)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method code:
            
            
                High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method - additional description:
            
            
                LC
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result unit:
            
            
                Microgram/gram (G049A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result type:
            
            
                Numerical Value (VAL)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Value (concentration, content):
            
            
                2.8
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Internal remarks:
            
            
                Senkirkine in flowers
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
 
    Composition #6: Avula, B., Sagi, S., Wang, Y.-H., Zweigenbaum, J., Wang, M., Khan, I.A. Characterization and screening of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and N-oxides from botanicals and dietary supplements using UHPLC-high resolution mass spectrometry. food chemistry, 2015, vol. 178, p. 136–148. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.053.
        [
DOI link]
    
 
  
    
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Plant part:
            
            
                Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Extraction/Preparation method:
            
            
                Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Additional extraction description:
            
            
                MeOH / MeOH:H2O and sulphuric acid
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Substance:
            
            
                Senecionine-N-oxide (RF-00000361-TOX)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method code:
            
            
                High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method - additional description:
            
            
                LC
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result unit:
            
            
                Microgram/gram (G049A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result type:
            
            
                Numerical Value (VAL)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Value (concentration, content):
            
            
                0.014
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Internal remarks:
            
            
                Senecionine N-Oxide in flowers
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
 
    Composition #7: Adamczak, Artur., Opala, Bogna., Gryszczynska, Agnieszka., Buchwald, Waldemar. Content of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the leaves of coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara L.) in Poland . acta societatis botanicorum poloniae, 2013, vol. 82, no. 4, p. 289–293. DOI: 10.5586/asbp.2013.028.
        [
DOI link]
    
 
  
    
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Plant part:
            
            
                Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Extraction/Preparation method:
            
            
                Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Additional extraction description:
            
            
                methanol acidified with citric acid
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Substance:
            
            
                Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Additional substance description:
            
            
                Senkirkine + Senecionine
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method code:
            
            
                HPLC-DAD (F587A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result unit:
            
            
                Microgram/gram (G049A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result type:
            
            
                Numerical Value (VAL)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Value (concentration, content):
            
            
                0.42
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Internal remarks:
            
            
                Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Senkirkine + Senecionine) in leaves
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
 
    Composition #8: Adamczak, Artur., Opala, Bogna., Gryszczynska, Agnieszka., Buchwald, Waldemar. Content of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the leaves of coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara L.) in Poland . acta societatis botanicorum poloniae, 2013, vol. 82, no. 4, p. 289–293. DOI: 10.5586/asbp.2013.028.
        [
DOI link]
    
 
  
    
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Plant part:
            
            
                Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Extraction/Preparation method:
            
            
                Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Additional extraction description:
            
            
                methanol acidified with citric acid
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Substance:
            
            
                Senecionine (RF-00000232-TOX)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method code:
            
            
                HPLC-DAD (F587A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result unit:
            
            
                Microgram/gram (G049A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result type:
            
            
                Numerical Value (VAL)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Value (concentration, content):
            
            
                0.23
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Internal remarks:
            
            
                Senecionine in leaves
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
 
    Composition #9: Adamczak, Artur., Opala, Bogna., Gryszczynska, Agnieszka., Buchwald, Waldemar. Content of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the leaves of coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara L.) in Poland . acta societatis botanicorum poloniae, 2013, vol. 82, no. 4, p. 289–293. DOI: 10.5586/asbp.2013.028.
        [
DOI link]
    
 
  
    
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Plant part:
            
            
                Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Extraction/Preparation method:
            
            
                Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Additional extraction description:
            
            
                methanol acidified with citric acid
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Substance:
            
            
                Senkirkine (RF-00000300-TOX)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method code:
            
            
                HPLC-DAD (F587A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result unit:
            
            
                Microgram/gram (G049A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result type:
            
            
                Numerical Value (VAL)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Value (concentration, content):
            
            
                0.19
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Internal remarks:
            
            
                Senkirkine in leaves
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
 
    Composition #10: Nedelcheva, Anely., Kostova, Nadezhda., Sidjimov, Atanas. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Tussilago farfara from Bulgaria. biotechnology & biotechnological equipment, 2015, vol. 29, p. S1–S7. DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1047149.
        [
DOI link]
    
 
  
    
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Plant part:
            
            
                Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Extraction/Preparation method:
            
            
                Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Additional extraction description:
            
            
                MeOH
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Substance:
            
            
                Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Additional substance description:
            
            
                Senkirkine, senecionine, integerrimine and seneciphylline
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method code:
            
            
                GC-MS (F046A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result unit:
            
            
                Microgram/gram (G049A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result type:
            
            
                Numerical Value (VAL)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Value (concentration, content):
            
            
                55
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Internal remarks:
            
            
                Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Senkirkine, senecionine, integerrimine and seneciphylline) in leaves
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
 
    Composition #11: Smyrska-Wieleba, Natalia., Wojtanowski, Krzysztof Kamil., Mroczek, Tomasz. Comparative HILIC/ESI-QTOF-MS and HPTLC studies of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in flowers of Tussilago farfara and roots of Arnebia euchroma . phytochemistry letters, 2017, vol. 20, p. 339–349. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2016.11.009.
        [
DOI link]
    
 
  
    
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Plant part:
            
            
                Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Extraction/Preparation method:
            
            
                Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Additional extraction description:
            
            
                methanolic tartaric acid
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Substance:
            
            
                Senkirkine (RF-00000300-TOX)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method code:
            
            
                LC-MS (F026A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result unit:
            
            
                Microgram/gram (G049A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result type:
            
            
                Numerical Value (VAL)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Value (concentration, content):
            
            
                0.0075
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Internal remarks:
            
            
                Senkirkine in dried flowers
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
 
    Composition #12: Smyrska-Wieleba, Natalia., Wojtanowski, Krzysztof Kamil., Mroczek, Tomasz. Comparative HILIC/ESI-QTOF-MS and HPTLC studies of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in flowers of Tussilago farfara and roots of Arnebia euchroma . phytochemistry letters, 2017, vol. 20, p. 339–349. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2016.11.009.
        [
DOI link]
    
 
  
    
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Plant part:
            
            
                Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Extraction/Preparation method:
            
            
                Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Additional extraction description:
            
            
                methanolic tartaric acid
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Substance:
            
            
                Tussilagine (RF-00000307-TOX)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Additional substance description:
            
            
                Tussilagine and Isotussilagine
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Analytical method code:
            
            
                LC-MS (F026A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Yes/No Qualitative:
            
            
                Positive/Present (POS)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Result type:
            
            
                Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Internal remarks:
            
            
                Tussilagine and Isotussilagine in dried flowers
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
 
  Endpoint study
      #1: Zhang, Yan., Huang, Fang., Wu, Di., Zhang, Mian. Hepatotoxicity of Flos Farfarae and contained alkaloid to mice. shizhen guoyi guoyao, 2008, vol. 19, no. 8, p. 1810–1811. .
        
  
  
    
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Study relevance:
            
            
                Human health
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Substance:
            
            
                Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Additional plant/substance description:
            
            
                pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Flos Farfarae
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Type of toxicological test:
            
            
                short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Tested organism:
            
            
                House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Unit of exposure duration:
            
            
                Day (G134A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  - 
    
  
 
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Endpoint measured:
            
            
                Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Critical effect:
            
            
                HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Target tissue:
            
            
                digestive: Liver (TT023A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Effect description:
            
            
                decrease in weight gain, increased levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and total bilirubin (TBIL) in serum of mouse; injuries in liver tissue of mice
            
         
     
   
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:
            
            
                histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  - 
    
        
            
                Internal remarks:
            
            
                decrease in weight gain, increased levels of liver enzymes in serum of mouse injuries in liver tissue of mice
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
 
  Endpoint study
      #2: Gao, Hong., Huang, Yi-Na., Gao, Bo., Xu, Pei-Yu., Inagaki, Chika., Kawabata, Jun. alpha-Glucosidase inhibitory effect by the flower buds of Tussilago farfara L. . food chemistry, 2008, vol. 106, no. 3, p. 1195–1201. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.064.
        [
DOI link]
  
 
  
    
  
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                Study relevance:
            
            
                Human health
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
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                Plant part:
            
            
                Bud (as part-nature) (A066Z)
            
         
     
   
  
  
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                Preparation/Extraction method:
            
            
                Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
            
         
     
   
  
  
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                Additional plant/substance description:
            
            
                methanol (flower buds)
            
         
     
   
  
  
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                Type of toxicological test:
            
            
                in vitro (CHD061TT)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
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                Endpoint measured:
            
            
                Enzyme inhibition (CHD067EP)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
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                Concentration unit:
            
            
                Percent (G138A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
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                Effect concentration:
            
            
                16 - 68
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
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                Target tissue:
            
            
                Digestive (TT002A)
            
         
     
   
  
  
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                Effect description:
            
            
                Alpha-glucosidase inhibition: maltase (68%) and sucrase (16%)
            
         
     
   
  
  
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                Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:
            
            
                enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
            
         
     
   
  
  
  
  
  
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                Internal remarks:
            
            
                Alpha-glucosidase inhibition: maltase / sucrase