EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Tribulus terrestris L.

Family:: Zygophyllaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 4051
Number of processed references:: 8

Compositions

Endpoint Studies

#1: cardiovascular toxicity in goats #2: HEMOPOIETIC toxicity in goats #3: gastrointestinal toxicity in goats #4: Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in goats #5: Tribulus neurotoxicity in sheeps #6: severe nephrotoxicity in humans #7: neurotoxicity in humans #8: hepatotoxicity in humans #9: α-glucosidase inhibition activity

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Tsuchiya, Hironori., Hayashi, Hideaki., Sato, Masaru., Shimizu, Hiroshi., Iinuma, Munekazu. Quantitative analysis of all types of β-carboline alkaloids in medicinal plants and dried edible plants by high performance liquid chromatography with selective fluorometric detection. phytochemical analysis, 1999, vol. 10, no. 5, p. 247–253. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetonitrile : trifluoroacetic acid : water
Substance:

norharmane (RF-00003952-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

96.2
Internal remarks:

norharman in unspecified part

Composition #2: Tsuchiya, Hironori., Hayashi, Hideaki., Sato, Masaru., Shimizu, Hiroshi., Iinuma, Munekazu. Quantitative analysis of all types of β-carboline alkaloids in medicinal plants and dried edible plants by high performance liquid chromatography with selective fluorometric detection. phytochemical analysis, 1999, vol. 10, no. 5, p. 247–253. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetonitrile : trifluoroacetic acid : water
Substance:

carboline alkaloids (RF-00004384-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Harmol, Norharman, Harman, Harmalol, Tetrahydronorharman, Tetrahydroharman
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Beta-carboline alkaloids (Harmol, Norharman, Harman, Harmine, Harmalol, Harmaline,Tetrahydronorharman, Tetrahydroharman) in unspecified part

Composition #3: Tsuchiya, Hironori., Hayashi, Hideaki., Sato, Masaru., Shimizu, Hiroshi., Iinuma, Munekazu. Quantitative analysis of all types of β-carboline alkaloids in medicinal plants and dried edible plants by high performance liquid chromatography with selective fluorometric detection. phytochemical analysis, 1999, vol. 10, no. 5, p. 247–253. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetonitrile : trifluoroacetic acid : water
Substance:

Harmol (RF-00011120-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0 - 453
Internal remarks:

harmol in unspecified part

Composition #4: Tsuchiya, Hironori., Hayashi, Hideaki., Sato, Masaru., Shimizu, Hiroshi., Iinuma, Munekazu. Quantitative analysis of all types of β-carboline alkaloids in medicinal plants and dried edible plants by high performance liquid chromatography with selective fluorometric detection. phytochemical analysis, 1999, vol. 10, no. 5, p. 247–253. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetonitrile : trifluoroacetic acid : water
Substance:

Harmalol (RF-00011121-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

414 - 486
Internal remarks:

harmalole in unspecified part

Composition #5: Tsuchiya, Hironori., Hayashi, Hideaki., Sato, Masaru., Shimizu, Hiroshi., Iinuma, Munekazu. Quantitative analysis of all types of β-carboline alkaloids in medicinal plants and dried edible plants by high performance liquid chromatography with selective fluorometric detection. phytochemical analysis, 1999, vol. 10, no. 5, p. 247–253. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetonitrile : trifluoroacetic acid : water
Substance:

harmane alkaloids (RF-00004301-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

75.2 - 143
Internal remarks:

harmane in unspecified part

Composition #6: Tutuncu Konyar, Sevil., Ozturk, Necla., Dane, Feruzan. Occurrence, types and distribution of calcium oxalate crystals in leaves and stems of some species of poisonous plants. botanical studies, 2014, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 1–9. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethyl alcohol + sodium hypo chloride (leaves and stem)
Substance:

Calcium oxalate (RF-00003960-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

light photomicroscope
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

calcium oxalate in leaves and stems

Composition #7: Abatan, M. O., Arowolo, R. O., Olurunsogo, O. O. Phytochemical analysis of some commonly occurring poisonous plants in Nigerian pastures . tropical veterinarian, 1997, vol. 15, no. 1-2, p. 49–54. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Nitrate (RF-00000085-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

15.28
Internal remarks:

Nitrate in leaves

Composition #8: Abatan, M. O., Arowolo, R. O., Olurunsogo, O. O. Phytochemical analysis of some commonly occurring poisonous plants in Nigerian pastures . tropical veterinarian, 1997, vol. 15, no. 1-2, p. 49–54. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Cyanide (RF-00000021-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

ppm (G288A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

14.4
Internal remarks:

Cyanide in leaves

Composition #9: Abatan, M. O., Arowolo, R. O., Olurunsogo, O. O. Phytochemical analysis of some commonly occurring poisonous plants in Nigerian pastures . tropical veterinarian, 1997, vol. 15, no. 1-2, p. 49–54. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Nitrites Nitrites (RF-00000087-CHE)
Additional substance description:

Nitrite
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

9.71
Internal remarks:

Nitrite in leaves

Composition #10: Abatan, M. O., Arowolo, R. O., Olurunsogo, O. O. Phytochemical analysis of some commonly occurring poisonous plants in Nigerian pastures . tropical veterinarian, 1997, vol. 15, no. 1-2, p. 49–54. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Oxalate
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.14
Internal remarks:

Oxalate in leaves

Composition #11: Hemalatha, S., Hari, R. Acute and subacute toxicity studies of the saponin rich butanol extracts of tribulus terrestris fruits in wistar rats. international journal of pharmaceutical sciences review and research, 2014, vol. 27, no. 2, p. 307–313. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Frothing test
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

saponins in fruits

Composition #12: Song, Yeong Hun., Kim, Dae Wook., Curtis-Long, Marcus J., Park, Chanin., Son, Minky., Kim, Jeong Yoon., Yuk, Heung Joo., Lee, Keun Woo., Park, Ki Hun. Cinnamic acid amides from Tribulus terrestris displaying uncompetitive alpha-glucosidase inhibition . european journal of medicinal chemistry, 2016, vol. 114, p. 201–208. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.044. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

phenylpropanoids (RF-00004367-PAR)
Additional substance description:

N-trans caffeoyltyramine, terrestriamide, N-trans feruloyloctopamine and terrestrimine
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

N-trans caffeoyltyramine, terrestriamide, N-trans feruloyloctopamine and terrestrimine in unspecified part

Composition #13: Song, Yeong Hun., Kim, Dae Wook., Curtis-Long, Marcus J., Park, Chanin., Son, Minky., Kim, Jeong Yoon., Yuk, Heung Joo., Lee, Keun Woo., Park, Ki Hun. Cinnamic acid amides from Tribulus terrestris displaying uncompetitive alpha-glucosidase inhibition . european journal of medicinal chemistry, 2016, vol. 114, p. 201–208. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.044. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Moupinamide (RF-00011093-PAR)
Additional substance description:

N-trans-feruloyltyramine
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

N-trans-feruloyltyramine in unspecified part

Composition #14: Song, Yeong Hun., Kim, Dae Wook., Curtis-Long, Marcus J., Park, Chanin., Son, Minky., Kim, Jeong Yoon., Yuk, Heung Joo., Lee, Keun Woo., Park, Ki Hun. Cinnamic acid amides from Tribulus terrestris displaying uncompetitive alpha-glucosidase inhibition . european journal of medicinal chemistry, 2016, vol. 114, p. 201–208. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.044. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

N-P-Coumaroyltyramine N-P-Coumaroyltyramine (RF-00010849-PAR)
Additional substance description:

N-trans-coumaroyltyramine
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

N-trans-coumaroyltyramine in unspecified part

Endpoint study #1: Aslani, MR., Movassaghi, AR., Mohri, M., Ebrahim-Pour, V., Mohebi, AN. Experimental Tribulus terrestris poisoning in goats. small ruminant research, 2004, vol. 51, no. 3, p. 261–267. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00195-0. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

8.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

7
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

tachycardia, tachypnea
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

cardiovascular toxicity in goats

Endpoint study #2: Aslani, MR., Movassaghi, AR., Mohri, M., Ebrahim-Pour, V., Mohebi, AN. Experimental Tribulus terrestris poisoning in goats. small ruminant research, 2004, vol. 51, no. 3, p. 261–267. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00195-0. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

8.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

7
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

inappetance, icterus, weakness, dehydration, elevation of body temperature
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

HEMOPOIETIC toxicity in goats

Endpoint study #3: Aslani, MR., Movassaghi, AR., Mohri, M., Ebrahim-Pour, V., Mohebi, AN. Experimental Tribulus terrestris poisoning in goats. small ruminant research, 2004, vol. 51, no. 3, p. 261–267. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00195-0. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

8.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

7
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

ruminal stasis, weight loss
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

body weight (CHD005BE)
Internal remarks:

gastrointestinal toxicity in goats

Endpoint study #4: Aslani, MR., Movassaghi, AR., Mohri, M., Ebrahim-Pour, V., Mohebi, AN. Experimental Tribulus terrestris poisoning in goats. small ruminant research, 2004, vol. 51, no. 3, p. 261–267. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00195-0. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

8.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

7
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

microscopic lesions in liver and kidneys including generalized icterus, hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis, biliary fibrosis and proliferation, renal tubular necrosis and crystalloid materials in bile ducts and renal tubules
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

gross pathology (CHD022BE)
Internal remarks:

Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in goats

Endpoint study #5: Bourke, CA. Abnormal turning behaviour, GABAergic inhibition and the degeneration of astrocytes in ovine Tribulus terrestris motor neuron disease . australian veterinary journal, 2006, vol. 84, no. 1-2, p. 53–58. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.tb13128.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Type of toxicological test:

other (CHD008TT)
Tested organism:

Sheep (as animal) (A057G)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

44
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Muscle, Skeletal (TT055A)
Effect description:

half body asymmetry: display of reduced ability to resist the pull of gravity and dropping hindquarters, Spontaneous rotational behaviour in standing sheep
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mobility (CHD011BE)
Internal remarks:

Tribulus neurotoxicity in sheeps

Endpoint study #6: Talasaz, Azita Hajhossein., Abbasi, Mohammad-Reza., Abkhiz, Saeed., Dashti-Khavidaki, Simin. Tribulus terrestris-induced severe nephrotoxicity in a young healthy male . nephrology dialysis transplantation, 2010, vol. 25, no. 11, p. 3792–3793. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq457. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

acute kidney injury
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

severe nephrotoxicity in humans

Endpoint study #7: Talasaz, Azita Hajhossein., Abbasi, Mohammad-Reza., Abkhiz, Saeed., Dashti-Khavidaki, Simin. Tribulus terrestris-induced severe nephrotoxicity in a young healthy male . nephrology dialysis transplantation, 2010, vol. 25, no. 11, p. 3792–3793. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq457. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

seizure
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

neurotoxicity in humans

Endpoint study #8: Talasaz, Azita Hajhossein., Abbasi, Mohammad-Reza., Abkhiz, Saeed., Dashti-Khavidaki, Simin. Tribulus terrestris-induced severe nephrotoxicity in a young healthy male . nephrology dialysis transplantation, 2010, vol. 25, no. 11, p. 3792–3793. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq457. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

hepatitis
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

hepatotoxicity in humans

Endpoint study #9: Song, Yeong Hun., Kim, Dae Wook., Curtis-Long, Marcus J., Park, Chanin., Son, Minky., Kim, Jeong Yoon., Yuk, Heung Joo., Lee, Keun Woo., Park, Ki Hun. Cinnamic acid amides from Tribulus terrestris displaying uncompetitive alpha-glucosidase inhibition . european journal of medicinal chemistry, 2016, vol. 114, p. 201–208. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.044. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

N-P-Coumaroyltyramine N-P-Coumaroyltyramine (RF-00010849-PAR)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Sex:

No data
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Enzyme inhibition (CHD067EP)
Concentration unit:

Milliosmole (G117A)
Effect concentration:

0.42
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Pancreas (TT024A)
Effect description:

All isolated cinnamic acid amides inhibited α-glucosidase in a concentration dependent manner with IC50s ranging between 0.4 ~ 225.8 μM. N-trans-coumaroyltyramine was found to be the most potent inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.42 μM.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

α-glucosidase inhibition activity