EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Taxus baccata L.

Family:: Taxaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1948
Number of processed references:: 13

Compositions

#1: Taxine B - Isotaxine B in leaves #2: taxine B, 1-deoxytaxine B, isotaxine B, 2-acetyltaxin B, 1-deoxyisotaxine B, 2- acetylisotaxine B #3: cyanogenic glucosides in seeds #4: taxin B/isotaxin B in seeds #5: monoacetyltaxine, taxine B, monohydroxydiacetyltaxine, triacetyltaxine, monohydroxytriacetyltaxine in leaves #6: tannic acid in bark

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Gaunitz, F., Schürenkamp, J., Rostamzadeh, A., Konkol, C., Thevis, M., Rothschild, M.A., Mercer-Chalmers-Bender, K. Analysis of taxine B/isotaxine B in a plasma specimen by LC–MS/MS in a case of fatal poisoning: concealed suicide by ingestion of yew (Taxus L.) leaves of a patient with a long-term history of borderline personality disorder. forensic toxicology, 2017, vol. 35, no. 2, p. 421–427. DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0355-z. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Taxine B - Isotaxine B
Analytical method code:

HPLC-MS/MS (F698A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Taxine B - Isotaxine B in leaves

Composition #2: Andersen, Karina Barbara., Skaanild, Mette Tingleff., Bertelsen, Mads Frost., Brimer, Leon. Yew intoxication in brown bears; a novel approach to diagnosis. european journal of wildlife research, 2010, vol. 56, no. 6, p. 915–921. DOI: 10.1007/s10344-010-0389-6. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2SO4
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Additional substance description:

taxine B, 1-deoxytaxine B, isotaxine B, 2-acetyltaxin B, 1-deoxyisotaxine B, 2- acetylisotaxine B
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

taxine B, 1-deoxytaxine B, isotaxine B, 2-acetyltaxin B, 1-deoxyisotaxine B, 2- acetylisotaxine B

Composition #3: Kominkova, Marketa., Stanisavljevic, Maja., Zitka, Ondrej., Mazanek, Stanislav., Sedlackova, Jana., Bandouchova, Hana., Pikula, Jiri., Beklova, Miroslava., Kizek, Rene. Yew poisoning of olive baboons (Papio anubis) in captivity: laboratory diagnosis . neuroendocrinology letters, 2013, vol. 34, p. 130–133. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Cyanogenic glycosides (RF-00004375-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cyanogenic glucosides in seeds

Composition #4: Kominkova, Marketa., Stanisavljevic, Maja., Zitka, Ondrej., Mazanek, Stanislav., Sedlackova, Jana., Bandouchova, Hana., Pikula, Jiri., Beklova, Miroslava., Kizek, Rene. Yew poisoning of olive baboons (Papio anubis) in captivity: laboratory diagnosis . neuroendocrinology letters, 2013, vol. 34, p. 130–133. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Additional substance description:

taxin B/isotaxin B
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

taxin B/isotaxin B in seeds

Composition #5: MUSSHOFF, F., JACOB, B., FOWINKEL, C., DALDRUP, T. SUICIDAL YEW LEAVE INGESTION - PHLOROGLUCINDIMETHYLETHER (3,5-DIMETHOXYPHENOL) AS A MARKER FOR POISONING FROM TAXUS-BACCATA . international journal of legal medicine, 1993, vol. 106, no. 1, p. 45–50. DOI: 10.1007/BF01225024. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Additional substance description:

monoacetyltaxine, taxine B, monohydroxydiacetyltaxine, triacetyltaxine, monohydroxytriacetyltaxine
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

monoacetyltaxine, taxine B, monohydroxydiacetyltaxine, triacetyltaxine, monohydroxytriacetyltaxine in leaves

Composition #6: GIBSON, DM., GALLO, LG., KRASNOFF, SB., KETCHUM, REB. INCREASED EFFICACY OF BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS SUBSP KURSTAKI IN COMBINATION WITH TANNIC-ACID . journal of economic entomology, 1995, vol. 88, no. 2, p. 270–277. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ferric sulfate
Substance:

tannic acid (RF-00004069-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tannic acid in bark

Endpoint study #1: Vališ, M., Kočí, J., Tuček, D., Lutonský, T., Kopová, J., Bartoń, P., Vyšata, O., Krajíčková, D., Korábečný, J., Masopust, J., Klzo, L. Common yew intoxication: A case report. journal of medical case reports, 2014, vol. 8, no. 1 . DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-4. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

plant needles - decotion
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

8.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

weakness, nausea and vomiting
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

gastrointestinal toxicity in humans

Endpoint study #2: Vališ, M., Kočí, J., Tuček, D., Lutonský, T., Kopová, J., Bartoń, P., Vyšata, O., Krajíčková, D., Korábečný, J., Masopust, J., Klzo, L. Common yew intoxication: A case report. journal of medical case reports, 2014, vol. 8, no. 1 . DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-4. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

plant needles - decotion
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

8.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

heart failure and blood circulation arrest
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

cardiotoxicity in humans

Endpoint study #3: Gaunitz, F., Schürenkamp, J., Rostamzadeh, A., Konkol, C., Thevis, M., Rothschild, M.A., Mercer-Chalmers-Bender, K. Analysis of taxine B/isotaxine B in a plasma specimen by LC–MS/MS in a case of fatal poisoning: concealed suicide by ingestion of yew (Taxus L.) leaves of a patient with a long-term history of borderline personality disorder. forensic toxicology, 2017, vol. 35, no. 2, p. 421–427. DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0355-z. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Amount of drug required to induce mortality (CHD076EP)
Concentration unit:

Microgram/litre (G051A)
Effect concentration:

100
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Respiratory (TT005A)
Effect description:

Toxic/fatal concentrations of taxine B/isotaxine B in human blood are 100–240 microgram/l. The patient suffered an episode of acute respiratory insufficiency followed by cardiac arrest.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

fatal concentration in human

Endpoint study #4: Tranca, Sebastian., Petrisor, Cristina Laura. A fatal case of Taxus poisoning.. clujul medical (1957), 2013, vol. 86, no. 3, p. 279–81. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

12.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

Severe hypokalemia, ventricular arrhythmias with hemodynamic instability accompanied by severe multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Pulmonary congestion and edema, cerebral edema and dilated myocardial vessels were found on autopsy.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Cardiotoxicity and mortality in humans

Endpoint study #5: Reijnen, Guido., Bethlehem, Corine., van Remmen, Jacquo M B L., Smit, Hans J M., van Luin, Matthijs., Reijnders, Udo J L. Post-mortem findings in 22 fatal Taxus baccata intoxications and a possible solution to its detection. . journal of forensic and legal medicine, 2017, vol. 52, p. 56–61. DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2017.08.016. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

22
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Lowest lethal dose (CHD025EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

3 - 6.5
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Effect description:

The fatal dosage is 0.6-1.3 g of leaf per kilogram body weight, consistent with 3.0-6.5 mg of taxine/kilogram
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Fatal dosage of taxine in humans

Endpoint study #6: Reijnen, Guido., Bethlehem, Corine., van Remmen, Jacquo M B L., Smit, Hans J M., van Luin, Matthijs., Reijnders, Udo J L. Post-mortem findings in 22 fatal Taxus baccata intoxications and a possible solution to its detection. . journal of forensic and legal medicine, 2017, vol. 52, p. 56–61. DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2017.08.016. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

22
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Respiratory (TT005A)
Effect description:

22 cases of fatal yew intoxication. The time of ingestion until the time of death was between 2 and 24 h. Pulmonary oedema was found among 75% of the cases
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality and pulmonary oedema in humans

Endpoint study #7: Wilson, CR., Sauer, JM., Hooser, SB. Taxines: a review of the mechanism and toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids . toxicon, 2001, vol. 39, no. 2-3, p. 175–185. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00146-X. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

Bird (as animal) (A057X)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Lowest lethal dose (CHD025EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

82.5
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Effect description:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in chicken
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in chicken

Endpoint study #8: Wilson, CR., Sauer, JM., Hooser, SB. Taxines: a review of the mechanism and toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids . toxicon, 2001, vol. 39, no. 2-3, p. 175–185. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00146-X. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Lowest lethal dose (CHD025EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

10.0
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Effect description:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in cow
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in cow

Endpoint study #9: Wilson, CR., Sauer, JM., Hooser, SB. Taxines: a review of the mechanism and toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids . toxicon, 2001, vol. 39, no. 2-3, p. 175–185. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00146-X. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

Dog (as animal) (A0CNL)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Lowest lethal dose (CHD025EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

11.5
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Effect description:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in dog
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in dog

Endpoint study #10: Wilson, CR., Sauer, JM., Hooser, SB. Taxines: a review of the mechanism and toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids . toxicon, 2001, vol. 39, no. 2-3, p. 175–185. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00146-X. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Lowest lethal dose (CHD025EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

60.0
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Effect description:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in goat
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in goat

Endpoint study #11: Wilson, CR., Sauer, JM., Hooser, SB. Taxines: a review of the mechanism and toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids . toxicon, 2001, vol. 39, no. 2-3, p. 175–185. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00146-X. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

Horse (as animal) (A0B9Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Lowest lethal dose (CHD025EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

1.0 - 2.0
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Effect description:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in horse
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in horse

Endpoint study #12: Wilson, CR., Sauer, JM., Hooser, SB. Taxines: a review of the mechanism and toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids . toxicon, 2001, vol. 39, no. 2-3, p. 175–185. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00146-X. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

Pig (as animal) (A057F)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Lowest lethal dose (CHD025EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

3.5
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Effect description:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in pig
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in pig

Endpoint study #13: Wilson, CR., Sauer, JM., Hooser, SB. Taxines: a review of the mechanism and toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids . toxicon, 2001, vol. 39, no. 2-3, p. 175–185. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00146-X. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

Sheep (as animal) (A057G)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Lowest lethal dose (CHD025EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

12.5
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Effect description:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in sheep
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in sheep

Endpoint study #14: Wilson, CR., Sauer, JM., Hooser, SB. Taxines: a review of the mechanism and toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids . toxicon, 2001, vol. 39, no. 2-3, p. 175–185. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00146-X. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Lowest lethal dose (CHD025EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

3.0 - 6.5
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Effect description:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in human
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in human

Endpoint study #15: Wilson, CR., Sauer, JM., Hooser, SB. Taxines: a review of the mechanism and toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids . toxicon, 2001, vol. 39, no. 2-3, p. 175–185. DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00146-X. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Lowest lethal dose (CHD025EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

3.5
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Effect description:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in rabbit
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Estimated LDmin of taxines (mg/kg body weight) in rabbit

Endpoint study #16: Lacasse, Claude., Gamble, Kathryn C., Poppenga, Robert H., Farina, Lisa L., Landolfi, Jennifer., Terio, Karen. Taxus sp intoxication in three Francois' langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi) . journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation, 2007, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 221–224. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Mammals (as animal) (A056H)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

Moderate visceral congestion among 2/3 of the dead Francois’ langurs (The concentration of Taxus alkaloids in the gastric contents for the first, second, and third langurs were estimated to be 4%, 5.3%, and 0.9%)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

mortality among Francois’ langurs

Endpoint study #17: Panzeri, Claudia., Bacis, Giuseppe., Ferri, Francesco., Rinaldi, Gabriele., Persico, Andrea., Uberti, Francesca., Restani, Patrizia. Extracorporeal life support in a severe Taxus baccata poisoning. clinical toxicology, 2010, vol. 48, no. 5, p. 463–465. DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2010.487487. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

severe bradycardia (35 beats per minute) with hypotension (60/30 mmHg)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

cardiotoxicity in humans

Endpoint study #18: Panzeri, Claudia., Bacis, Giuseppe., Ferri, Francesco., Rinaldi, Gabriele., Persico, Andrea., Uberti, Francesca., Restani, Patrizia. Extracorporeal life support in a severe Taxus baccata poisoning. clinical toxicology, 2010, vol. 48, no. 5, p. 463–465. DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2010.487487. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

Vomiting and loss of consciousness
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

neurotoxicity in humans

Endpoint study #19: Andersen, Karina Barbara., Skaanild, Mette Tingleff., Bertelsen, Mads Frost., Brimer, Leon. Yew intoxication in brown bears; a novel approach to diagnosis. european journal of wildlife research, 2010, vol. 56, no. 6, p. 915–921. DOI: 10.1007/s10344-010-0389-6. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Mammals (as animal) (A056H)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram (G148A)
Effect concentration:

8
Critical effect:

NOT REPORTED (TOX17A)
Effect description:

the taxine content of 8- 10 g yew leaves is sufficient to kill a juvenile brown bear.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

mortality in brown bears

Endpoint study #20: Fuchs, Joan., Rauber-Luethy, Christine., Kupferschmidt, Hugo., Kupper, Jacqueline., Kullak-Ublick, Gerd-Achim., Ceschi, Alessandro. Acute plant poisoning: Analysis of clinical features and circumstances of exposure . clinical toxicology, 2011, vol. 49, no. 7, p. 671–680. DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2011.597034. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional plant/substance description:

plant needles
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

a fatal case of tachycardia, bradycardia, AV block III, asystole
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

fatal cardio-toxicity in humans

Endpoint study #21: Kominkova, Marketa., Stanisavljevic, Maja., Zitka, Ondrej., Mazanek, Stanislav., Sedlackova, Jana., Bandouchova, Hana., Pikula, Jiri., Beklova, Miroslava., Kizek, Rene. Yew poisoning of olive baboons (Papio anubis) in captivity: laboratory diagnosis . neuroendocrinology letters, 2013, vol. 34, p. 130–133. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

taxine (RF-00003597-PAR)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Mammals (as animal) (A056H)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Effect description:

Death of two olive baboons who accidentally ate Taxus baccata seeds (urine and bile there were concentrations ranging 150–220 ng.mL–1 and in blood serum concentrations 25–30 ng.mL–1)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Fatal toxicity in olive baboons

Endpoint study #22: Caloni, F., Cortinovis, C. Plants poisonous to horses in Europe. equine veterinary education, 2015, vol. 27, no. 5, p. 269–274. DOI: 10.1111/eve.12274. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Horse (as animal) (A0B9Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Minimum lethal dose (CHD077EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

200 - 400
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Sudden death (occurring within 24 hours depending of the dose ingested) due to acute cardiac arrest
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality in horses