EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. // Sophora subprostrata Chun & T.Chen

Family:: Fabaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 853
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: pterocarpans in plant #2: phenylpropenoids in rhizomes #3: lupin alkaloids in leaves #4: tonkinensine B in roots #5: tonkinensine A in roots #6: isoflavan in rhizomes #7: cyticine-type alkaloids in rhizomes #8: oxymatrine in root #9: cytisine in root #10: matrine in root

Endpoint Studies

#1: neurotoxicity Sophora subprostata root, 40 g/day for 3 consecutive days #2: neurotoxicity Sophora subprostata root, 40 g/day for 1 day #3: neurotoxicity Sophora subprostata root, 30 g/day for 7 days #4: LD50 for mice #5: hepatotoxicity in mice

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Long, Jin-qiao., Lin, Hua., Yang, Xiang-dong., Zhao, Jing-feng., Li, Liang. Study on the chemical constituents of Sophora tonkinensis from Guangxi. yunnan daxue xuebao, ziran kexueban, 2011, vol. 33, no. 1, p. 72–76. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Pterocarpans (RF-00010808-PAR)
Additional substance description:

maackiain, trifolirhizin
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pterocarpans in plant

Composition #2: Pan, Qi-Ming., Huang, Ri-Zhen., Pan, Ying-Ming., Wang, Heng-Shan., Liang, Dong. Studies on chemical constituents of rhizomes of Sophora tonkinensis .. zhongguo zhong yao za zhi = zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = china journal of chinese materia medica, 2016, vol. 41, no. 1, p. 96–100. DOI: 10.4268/cjcmm20160119. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

95% ethanol
Substance:

phenylpropenoids (RF-00010799-PAR)
Additional substance description:

coniferin, syringin etc
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

phenylpropenoids in rhizomes

Composition #3: Xiao, P., Kubo, H., Komiya, H., Higashiyama, K., Yan, YN., Li, JS., Ohmiya, S. (-)-14 beta-acetoxymatrine and (+)-14 alpha-acetoxymatrine, two new matrine-type lupin alkaloids from the leaves of Sophora tonkinensis . chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 1999, vol. 47, no. 3, p. 448–450. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol 75%
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

lupin alkaloids (acetoxymatrine, hydroxymatrine, dihydroxymatrine, 17-oxo-alpha-isosparteine, sophocarpine, dehydrosophoranol, hydroxysophocarpine, sophoranol, lamprolobine, matrine, baptifoline etc)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

TLC, HPLC, GC, IR, MS, NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

lupin alkaloids in leaves

Composition #4: Li, Xing-Nuo., Lu, Zhi-Qiang., Qin, Song., Yan, Hai-Xia., Yang, Min., Guan, Shu-Hong., Liu, Xuan., Hua, Hui-Ming., Wu, Li-Jun., Guo, De-An. Tonkinensines A and B, two novel alkaloids from Sophora tonkinensis. tetrahedron letters, 2008, vol. 49, no. 23, p. 3797–3801. DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.04.003. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 95%
Substance:

tonkinensine B (RF-00003607-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tonkinensine B in roots

Composition #5: Li, Xing-Nuo., Lu, Zhi-Qiang., Qin, Song., Yan, Hai-Xia., Yang, Min., Guan, Shu-Hong., Liu, Xuan., Hua, Hui-Ming., Wu, Li-Jun., Guo, De-An. Tonkinensines A and B, two novel alkaloids from Sophora tonkinensis. tetrahedron letters, 2008, vol. 49, no. 23, p. 3797–3801. DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.04.003. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 95%
Substance:

tonkinensine A (RF-00003605-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tonkinensine A in roots

Composition #6: Pan, Qi-Ming., Zhang, Gui-Jie., Huang, Ri-Zhen., Pan, Ying-Ming., Wang, Heng-Shan., Liang, Dong. Cytisine-type alkaloids and flavonoids from the rhizomes of Sophora tonkinensis . journal of asian natural products research, 2016, vol. 18, no. 5, p. 429–435. DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2015.1131680. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 95%
Substance:

Isoflavonoids Isoflavonoids (RF-00000439-NTR)
Additional substance description:

(3S, 4R)-4-hydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan 3′-Oβ-d-glucopyranoside
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR, IR, UV, TLC, HPLC-UV
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

isoflavan in rhizomes

Composition #7: Pan, Qi-Ming., Zhang, Gui-Jie., Huang, Ri-Zhen., Pan, Ying-Ming., Wang, Heng-Shan., Liang, Dong. Cytisine-type alkaloids and flavonoids from the rhizomes of Sophora tonkinensis . journal of asian natural products research, 2016, vol. 18, no. 5, p. 429–435. DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2015.1131680. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 95%
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

cyticine-type alkaloids ((−)-N-hexanoylcytisine, (−)-N-methylcytisine, (−)-N-ethylcytisine, (−)-N-formylcytisine, (−)-N-acetylcytisine, (−)-N-propionylcytisine, (−)-anagyrine)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR, IR, UV, TLC, HPLC-UV
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cyticine-type alkaloids in rhizomes

Composition #8: Wang, Liping., Lu, Jinyao., Sun, Wei., Gu, Yingmin., Zhang, Chaochao., Jin, Ruomin., Li, Lingyong., Zhang, Zean., Tian, Xuesong. Hepatotoxicity induced by radix Sophorae tonkinensis in mice and increased serum cholinesterase as a potential supplemental biomarker for liver injury . experimental and toxicologic pathology, 2017, vol. 69, no. 4, p. 193–202. DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.01.003. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

boiled, water
Substance:

Oxymatrine (RF-00010939-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

16.2
Internal remarks:

oxymatrine in root

Composition #9: Wang, Liping., Lu, Jinyao., Sun, Wei., Gu, Yingmin., Zhang, Chaochao., Jin, Ruomin., Li, Lingyong., Zhang, Zean., Tian, Xuesong. Hepatotoxicity induced by radix Sophorae tonkinensis in mice and increased serum cholinesterase as a potential supplemental biomarker for liver injury . experimental and toxicologic pathology, 2017, vol. 69, no. 4, p. 193–202. DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.01.003. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

boiled, water
Substance:

Cytisine (RF-00003762-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5.63
Internal remarks:

cytisine in root

Composition #10: Wang, Liping., Lu, Jinyao., Sun, Wei., Gu, Yingmin., Zhang, Chaochao., Jin, Ruomin., Li, Lingyong., Zhang, Zean., Tian, Xuesong. Hepatotoxicity induced by radix Sophorae tonkinensis in mice and increased serum cholinesterase as a potential supplemental biomarker for liver injury . experimental and toxicologic pathology, 2017, vol. 69, no. 4, p. 193–202. DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.01.003. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

boiled, water
Substance:

Matrine (RF-00003483-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

27.63
Internal remarks:

matrine in root

Endpoint study #1: Wang, XP., Yang, RM. Movement disorders possibly induced by traditional Chinese herbs. european neurology, 2003, vol. 50, no. 3, p. 153–159. DOI: 10.1159/000073056. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

decoction
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Exposure duration:

3.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per day (G233A)
Effect concentration:

40
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

discomfort, nausea, vomiting, convulsion, dysarthia, heightened muscle tone, neurotoxic changes
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

neurotoxicity Sophora subprostata root, 40 g/day for 3 consecutive days

Endpoint study #2: Wang, XP., Yang, RM. Movement disorders possibly induced by traditional Chinese herbs. european neurology, 2003, vol. 50, no. 3, p. 153–159. DOI: 10.1159/000073056. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per day (G233A)
Effect concentration:

40
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

dizziness, nausea, vomiting, generalised convulsions, generalised dystonia, increased muscle tone ( neurotoxic changes)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

neurotoxicity Sophora subprostata root, 40 g/day for 1 day

Endpoint study #3: Wang, XP., Yang, RM. Movement disorders possibly induced by traditional Chinese herbs. european neurology, 2003, vol. 50, no. 3, p. 153–159. DOI: 10.1159/000073056. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per day (G233A)
Effect concentration:

30
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

dizziness, nausea, vomiting, developed generalised convulsions and unconsciousness for 15 mindysarthria, dysphagia, difficulty in extruding his tongue, generalised dystonia (neurotoxicity)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

neurotoxicity Sophora subprostata root, 30 g/day for 7 days

Endpoint study #4: Wang, Liping., Lu, Jinyao., Sun, Wei., Gu, Yingmin., Zhang, Chaochao., Jin, Ruomin., Li, Lingyong., Zhang, Zean., Tian, Xuesong. Hepatotoxicity induced by radix Sophorae tonkinensis in mice and increased serum cholinesterase as a potential supplemental biomarker for liver injury . experimental and toxicologic pathology, 2017, vol. 69, no. 4, p. 193–202. DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.01.003. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

boiled water
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

ICR (CHD044ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Lethal dose rate in 50% of experimental organisms (CHD029EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

4.3
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

LD50
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

LD50 for mice

Endpoint study #5: Wang, Liping., Lu, Jinyao., Sun, Wei., Gu, Yingmin., Zhang, Chaochao., Jin, Ruomin., Li, Lingyong., Zhang, Zean., Tian, Xuesong. Hepatotoxicity induced by radix Sophorae tonkinensis in mice and increased serum cholinesterase as a potential supplemental biomarker for liver injury . experimental and toxicologic pathology, 2017, vol. 69, no. 4, p. 193–202. DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.01.003. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

boiled water
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

ICR (CHD044ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

90.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

24
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

0.25
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

decreased ALT, AST, increased CHE, histopathological changes in liver
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

hepatotoxicity in mice