EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Solanum glaucophyllum Desf. // Solanum malacoxylon Sendtn.

Family:: Solanaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 323
Number of processed references:: 10

Compositions

#1: alpha-Solamargine in plant #2: Estrone and 17-beta estradiol in plant callus cells #3: alpha-Solanine in plant

Endpoint Studies

#1: Reproductive effects in rabbits #2: Decreased body weight in cattle #3: Systemic organ calcifications in cattle #4: Skin effects in cattle #5: Reduced body weight in rabbits #6: Calcium accumulation in digestive system tissues in rabbits #7: Calcium accumulation in lungs in rabbits #8: Reproductive effects in rats #9: Teratological effects in rats #10: Lung effects in rats (dams and pups) #11: Bone, cartilage and growth plate effects in rabbits #12: Thymus effects in cattle (maximum duration of dosing was 60 days, but some were dosed 15 or 30 days) #13: Serum calcium increases in cattle (maximum duration of dosing was 60 days, but some were dosed 15 or 30 days) #14: Large and small intestinal epithelial and other digestive effects in rabbits #15: Calcinosis and chronic wasting in cattle #16: Bone effects in pigs #17: Cardiovascular effects in pigs

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Pomilio, A.B., Falzoni, E.M., Vitale, A.A. Toxic chemical compounds of the Solanaceae. natural product communications, 2008, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 593–628. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

solamargine (RF-00003581-PAR)
Additional substance description:

alpha-solamargine
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Noted in Review Article - no data or details
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alpha-Solamargine in plant

Composition #2: Pomilio, A.B., Falzoni, E.M., Vitale, A.A. Toxic chemical compounds of the Solanaceae. natural product communications, 2008, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 593–628. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

Detected in culture plant callus cells
Substance:

Estrone (RF-00000361-VET)
Additional substance description:

also 17-beta-estradiol
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Noted in Review Article - no data or details
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Estrone and 17-beta estradiol in plant callus cells

Composition #3: Pomilio, A.B., Falzoni, E.M., Vitale, A.A. Toxic chemical compounds of the Solanaceae. natural product communications, 2008, vol. 3, no. 4, p. 593–628. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

solanine (RF-00003582-PAR)
Additional substance description:

alpha-solanine
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Noted in Review Article - no data or details
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alpha-Solanine in plant

Endpoint study #1: Gorniak, SL., Dagli, MLZ., Maiorka, PC., Raspantini, PC., Jerico, MM. Evaluation in rabbits of the fetal effects of maternal ingestion of Solanum malacoxylon . veterinary research communications, 1999, vol. 23, no. 5, p. 307–316. DOI: 10.1023/A:1006371021019. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Strain of test organism:

NewZealandWhite (CHD007ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

24.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

0.03-0.04
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

Abortions and stillbirths observed in both treated groups.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Reproductive effects in rabbits

Endpoint study #2: Gimeno, EJ., Costa, EF., Gomar, MS., Massone, AR., Portiansky, EL. Effects of plant-induced hypervitaminosis D on cutaneous structure, cell differentiation and cell proliferation in cattle . journal of veterinary medicine series a-physiology pathology clinical medicine, 2000, vol. 47, no. 4, p. 201–211. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2000.00279.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (RF-00004112-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

Powdered leaves mixed with water for administration. Dosing lasted 2, 4, or 8 weeks depending on group.
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

8.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram (G148A)
Effect concentration:

25
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Anorexia, steady decrease in body weight, and wasting.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

body weight (CHD005BE)
Internal remarks:

Decreased body weight in cattle

Endpoint study #3: Gimeno, EJ., Costa, EF., Gomar, MS., Massone, AR., Portiansky, EL. Effects of plant-induced hypervitaminosis D on cutaneous structure, cell differentiation and cell proliferation in cattle . journal of veterinary medicine series a-physiology pathology clinical medicine, 2000, vol. 47, no. 4, p. 201–211. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2000.00279.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (RF-00004112-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

Powdered leaves mixed with water for administration. Dosing lasted 2, 4, or 8 weeks depending on group.
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

8.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram (G148A)
Effect concentration:

25
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Calcification of soft tissues widespread: aorta, heart, lungs, arteries, kidneys, ligaments, tendons, pleura.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Systemic organ calcifications in cattle

Endpoint study #4: Gimeno, EJ., Costa, EF., Gomar, MS., Massone, AR., Portiansky, EL. Effects of plant-induced hypervitaminosis D on cutaneous structure, cell differentiation and cell proliferation in cattle . journal of veterinary medicine series a-physiology pathology clinical medicine, 2000, vol. 47, no. 4, p. 201–211. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2000.00279.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (RF-00004112-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

Powdered leaves mixed with water for administration. Dosing lasted 2, 4, or 8 weeks depending on group.
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

8.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram (G148A)
Effect concentration:

25
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Target tissue:

Skin/subcutis (TT056A)
Effect description:

Coat appeared rough and discolored. Decrease of epidermal thickness due to reduction of cell layers. Atrophy of sebaceous and sweat glands. Hair follicle changes.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Skin effects in cattle

Endpoint study #5: Dallorso, ME., Gil, S., Pawlak, E., Lema, F., Marquez, A. 1,25(OH)(2) vitamin D concentration in the plasma of Solanum glaucophyllum intoxicated rabbits . australian veterinary journal, 2001, vol. 79, no. 6, p. 419–423. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb12987.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (RF-00004112-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

distilled water; dosed daily for 5 (Group 1; n = 3), 7 (Group 2; n = 2) or 9 (Group 3; n = 2) days
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Strain of test organism:

NewZealandWhite (CHD007ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

9.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent no treatment
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per day (G209A)
Effect concentration:

250
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Muscle, Skeletal (TT055A)
Effect description:

Decrease in body weight in all treated groups.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

body weight (CHD005BE)
Internal remarks:

Reduced body weight in rabbits

Endpoint study #6: Dallorso, ME., Gil, S., Pawlak, E., Lema, F., Marquez, A. 1,25(OH)(2) vitamin D concentration in the plasma of Solanum glaucophyllum intoxicated rabbits . australian veterinary journal, 2001, vol. 79, no. 6, p. 419–423. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb12987.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (RF-00004112-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

distilled water; dosed daily for 5 (Group 1; n = 3), 7 (Group 2; n = 2) or 9 (Group 3; n = 2) days
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Strain of test organism:

NewZealandWhite (CHD007ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

9.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent no treatment
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per day (G209A)
Effect concentration:

250
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Stomach (TT027A)
Effect description:

Calcium accumulation in soft tissues of digestive system: abdominal aorta, stomach and kidneys.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Calcium accumulation in digestive system tissues in rabbits

Endpoint study #7: Dallorso, ME., Gil, S., Pawlak, E., Lema, F., Marquez, A. 1,25(OH)(2) vitamin D concentration in the plasma of Solanum glaucophyllum intoxicated rabbits . australian veterinary journal, 2001, vol. 79, no. 6, p. 419–423. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb12987.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (RF-00004112-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

distilled water; dosed daily for 5 (Group 1; n = 3), 7 (Group 2; n = 2) or 9 (Group 3; n = 2) days
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Strain of test organism:

NewZealandWhite (CHD007ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

9.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent no treatment
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per day (G209A)
Effect concentration:

250
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

respiratory: Lung (TT041A)
Effect description:

Calcium accumulation in lungs.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Calcium accumulation in lungs in rabbits

Endpoint study #8: Gorniak, SL., Maiorka, PC., Raspantini, PC., Hosomi, R., Moraes, AP., Dagli, MLZ. Assessment of the perinatal effects of maternal ingestion of Solanum malacoxylon in rats . reproductive toxicology, 2003, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 67–72. DOI: 10.1016/S0890-6238(02)00100-4. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

air-dried, powdered and mixed with feed into pellet
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

15.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

1
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

Increased number of resorptions, decreased number of live fetuses, and reduced gravid uterus weight.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Reproductive effects in rats

Endpoint study #9: Gorniak, SL., Maiorka, PC., Raspantini, PC., Hosomi, R., Moraes, AP., Dagli, MLZ. Assessment of the perinatal effects of maternal ingestion of Solanum malacoxylon in rats . reproductive toxicology, 2003, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 67–72. DOI: 10.1016/S0890-6238(02)00100-4. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

air-dried, powdered and mixed with feed into pellet
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

15.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

0.1-1.0
Critical effect:

TERATOGENIC (TOX06A)
Target tissue:

Bone (TT054A)
Effect description:

Sternal anomalies (0.1 & 0.2% groups), and vertebral, rib and cranial anomalies (0.2 & 1% groups).
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Teratological effects in rats

Endpoint study #10: Gorniak, SL., Maiorka, PC., Raspantini, PC., Hosomi, R., Moraes, AP., Dagli, MLZ. Assessment of the perinatal effects of maternal ingestion of Solanum malacoxylon in rats . reproductive toxicology, 2003, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 67–72. DOI: 10.1016/S0890-6238(02)00100-4. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

air-dried, powdered and mixed with feed into pellet
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

15.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

1.0
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

respiratory: Lung (TT041A)
Effect description:

Lungs of dams and pups showed intense infiltration of inflammatory cells, especially mononuclear and mast cells. Similar observations for dams dosed during both pregnancy and lactation (concurrent study) with 0.1% plants.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Lung effects in rats (dams and pups)

Endpoint study #11: Aguirre, JI., Gomar, MS., Igal, S., Quiroga, MA., Portiansky, EL., Gimeno, EJ. Bone changes caused by,experimental Solanum malacoxylon poisoning in rabbits . pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 2005, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 34–38. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-736X2005000100008. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Strain of test organism:

NewZealandWhite (CHD007ST)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

9.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

4
Control groups used:

yes, sham-exposed
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per day (G209A)
Effect concentration:

300
Critical effect:

MUSCLO-SKELETAL (TOX13A)
Target tissue:

Bone (TT054A)
Effect description:

Increase in bone resorption areas in the endosteal surface of the cortical bone and surface covered by osteoblasts. Spongiosa, mesenchymal metaplasia, narrowing and irregularity of growth plates and calcification of cartilage.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Bone, cartilage and growth plate effects in rabbits

Endpoint study #12: Fontana, Paula A., Zanuzzi, Carolina N., Barbeito, Claudio G., Gimeno, Eduardo J., Portiansky, Enrique L. Thymic atrophy in cattle poisoned with Solanum glaucophyllum. pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 2009, vol. 29, no. 3, p. 266–274. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

dried, powdered and administered in tap water
Type of toxicological test:

other (CHD008TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration:

60.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight per week (G218A)
Effect concentration:

50
Critical effect:

IMMUNOTOXICITY (TOX09A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

Reduced weight of thymus (dose-dependent based on period of dosing). Progressive cortical atrophy, and a relative increase of connective tissue with loss of the cortex-medullar junction in thymus.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

immunology (CHD026BE)
Internal remarks:

Thymus effects in cattle (maximum duration of dosing was 60 days, but some were dosed 15 or 30 days)

Endpoint study #13: Fontana, Paula A., Zanuzzi, Carolina N., Barbeito, Claudio G., Gimeno, Eduardo J., Portiansky, Enrique L. Thymic atrophy in cattle poisoned with Solanum glaucophyllum. pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 2009, vol. 29, no. 3, p. 266–274. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

dried, powdered and administered in tap water
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration:

60.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight per week (G218A)
Effect concentration:

50
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

Serum calcium levels increased with intoxication time (15, 30, and 60 days).
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

Serum calcium increases in cattle (maximum duration of dosing was 60 days, but some were dosed 15 or 30 days)

Endpoint study #14: Zanuzzi, C. N., Barbeito, C. G., Ortiz, M. L., Lozza, F. A., Fontana, P. A., Portiansky, E. L., Gimeno, E. J. Glycoconjugate histochemistry in the small and large intestine of normal and Solanum glaucophyllum-intoxicated rabbits . research in veterinary science, 2010, vol. 89, no. 2, p. 214–222. DOI: 10.1016/j.rysc.2010.03.002. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (RF-00004112-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Strain of test organism:

NewZealandWhite (CHD007ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

15.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per week (G217A)
Effect concentration:

250
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Changes in the lectin binding pattern in the small and large intestinal epithelium, indicating changes in cell differentiation. Also observed: anorexia, diarrhea, reduced body weight.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

body weight (CHD005BE)
Internal remarks:

Large and small intestinal epithelial and other digestive effects in rabbits

Endpoint study #15: Garcia, Juan A., Canton, German J., Garcia, Bernardo L., Micheloud, Juan F., Campero, Carlos M., Spath, Ernesto J. A., Odriozola, Ernesto R. Retrospective analysis of cattle poisoning in Argentina (2000-2013). pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 2017, vol. 37, no. 3, p. 210–214. DOI: 10.1590/S100-736X2017000300002. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional plant/substance description:

study of plant poisonings of cattle retrospectively, so details not available
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

Chronic wasting symptoms and enzootic calcinosis, typically after chronic intake for several years.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Calcinosis and chronic wasting in cattle

Endpoint study #16: DONE, SH., TOKARNIA, CH., DAMMRICH, K., DOBEREINER, J. SOLANUM-MALACOXYLON POISONING IN PIGS. research in veterinary science, 1976, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 217–219. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

duration of exposure varied for each animal dosed, ranging from 100 days to 185 days
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Pig (as animal) (A057F)
Strain of test organism:

Large White x Landrace (CHD021ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

100.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

4
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight per week (G218A)
Effect concentration:

0.2-1.0
Critical effect:

MUSCLO-SKELETAL (TOX13A)
Target tissue:

Bone (TT054A)
Effect description:

Rib bones: thin cortex and narrow Haversian canals, periosteal hyperostosis small osteoid bands visible.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Bone effects in pigs

Endpoint study #17: DONE, SH., TOKARNIA, CH., DAMMRICH, K., DOBEREINER, J. SOLANUM-MALACOXYLON POISONING IN PIGS. research in veterinary science, 1976, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 217–219. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

duration of exposure varied for each animal dosed, ranging from 100 days to 185 days
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Pig (as animal) (A057F)
Strain of test organism:

Large White x Landrace (CHD021ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

100.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

4
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight per week (G218A)
Effect concentration:

0.2-1.0
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Calcified plaques in the endocardium in one pig, also calcification of the elastic tissues of the carotid and coronary arteries.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Cardiovascular effects in pigs