EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Solanum dulcamara L.

Family:: Solanaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 918
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: solasonine in fruit #2: solamargine in fruit #3: solasodanol, tomatidine, tomatidiene, tomatine in fruit #4: solamarines alpha, beta and gamma in fruit #5: solasodine in fruit #6: soladulcidine in leaves #7: alpha-solamarine in leaves #8: solamargine in leaves #9: solasonine in leaves #10: solasodine in leaves #11: solanine

Endpoint Studies

#1: case report - 4 year girl #2: case report - dog/puppy #3: case reports - deramtological effects (orally administered extracts of woody nightshade are diaphoretic (increase sweat production) and can produce adverse dermatological effects, including pruritus, erythematous scaly eruptions, and urticaria)

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Boll, Per M., Andersen, Birte. Alkaloidal glycosides from Solanum dulcamara. III. Differentiation of geographical strains by means of thin-layer chromatography. planta medica, 1962, vol. 10, p. 421–32. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

solasonine (RF-00003584-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

solasonine in fruit

Composition #2: Boll, Per M., Andersen, Birte. Alkaloidal glycosides from Solanum dulcamara. III. Differentiation of geographical strains by means of thin-layer chromatography. planta medica, 1962, vol. 10, p. 421–32. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

solamargine (RF-00003581-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

solamargine in fruit

Composition #3: Boll, Per M., Andersen, Birte. Alkaloidal glycosides from Solanum dulcamara. III. Differentiation of geographical strains by means of thin-layer chromatography. planta medica, 1962, vol. 10, p. 421–32. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Steroidal alkaloids (RF-00004336-PAR)
Additional substance description:

solasodanol, tomatidine, tomatidiene, tomatine
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

solasodanol, tomatidine, tomatidiene, tomatine in fruit

Composition #4: Boll, Per M., Andersen, Birte. Alkaloidal glycosides from Solanum dulcamara. III. Differentiation of geographical strains by means of thin-layer chromatography. planta medica, 1962, vol. 10, p. 421–32. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

alpha-solamarine (RF-00003646-PAR)
Additional substance description:

alpha-solamarine, beta-solamarine, gama-solamarine
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

solamarines alpha, beta and gamma in fruit

Composition #5: Boll, Per M., Andersen, Birte. Alkaloidal glycosides from Solanum dulcamara. III. Differentiation of geographical strains by means of thin-layer chromatography. planta medica, 1962, vol. 10, p. 421–32. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

solasodine (RF-00003583-PAR)
Additional substance description:

syn tomatidenol
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

solasodine in fruit

Composition #6: Valovics, N. A., Bartok, Mrs. Antal. Determination of solasodine, soladulcidine, and tomatidenol in Solanum dulcamara. herba hungarica, 1969, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 107–11. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

soladulcidine (RF-00003580-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

soladulcidine in leaves

Composition #7: Valovics, N. A., Bartok, Mrs. Antal. Determination of solasodine, soladulcidine, and tomatidenol in Solanum dulcamara. herba hungarica, 1969, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 107–11. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

alpha-solamarine (RF-00003646-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alpha-solamarine in leaves

Composition #8: Valovics, N. A., Bartok, Mrs. Antal. Determination of solasodine, soladulcidine, and tomatidenol in Solanum dulcamara. herba hungarica, 1969, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 107–11. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

solamargine (RF-00003581-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

solamargine in leaves

Composition #9: Valovics, N. A., Bartok, Mrs. Antal. Determination of solasodine, soladulcidine, and tomatidenol in Solanum dulcamara. herba hungarica, 1969, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 107–11. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

solasonine (RF-00003584-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

solasonine in leaves

Composition #10: Valovics, N. A., Bartok, Mrs. Antal. Determination of solasodine, soladulcidine, and tomatidenol in Solanum dulcamara. herba hungarica, 1969, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 107–11. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

solasodine (RF-00003583-PAR)
Additional substance description:

syn of Tomatidenol
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

solasodine in leaves

Composition #11: Bradberry, S., Vale, A. Plants. medicine (united kingdom), 2016, vol. 44, no. 2, p. 113–115. DOI: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2015.11.017. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

solanine (RF-00003582-PAR)
Analytical method - additional description:

unspecified
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

solanine

Endpoint study #1: Ceha, L. J., Presperin, C., Young, E., Allswede, M., Erickson, T. Anticholinergic toxicity from nightshade berry poisoning responsive to physostigmine . journal of emergency medicine, 1997, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 65–69. DOI: 10.1016/S0736-4679(96)00244-2. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

fast heart rate, rigidity, tremor, hot and dry skin
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

case report - 4 year girl

Endpoint study #2: Kees, Megan., Beckel, Nicole., Sharp, Claire. Successful treatment of Solanum dulcamara intoxication in a Labrador retriever puppy . canadian veterinary journal-revue veterinaire canadienne, 2015, vol. 56, no. 12, p. 1283–1286. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Dog (as animal) (A0CNL)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

weakness, ataxia, generalized muscle tremors, suffering respiratory and central nervous system (CNS) depression, vomiting
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

case report - dog/puppy

Endpoint study #3: Calapai, Gioacchino., Minciullo, Paola L., Miroddi, Marco., Chinou, Ioanna., Gangemi, Sebastiano., Schmidt, Richard J. Contact dermatitis as an adverse reaction to some topically used European herbal medicinal products - Part 3: Mentha x piperita - Solanum dulcamara . contact dermatitis, 2016, vol. 74, no. 3, p. 131–144. DOI: 10.1111/cod.12483. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

IRRITATION (TOX11A)
Target tissue:

Skin/subcutis (TT056A)
Effect description:

increased sweat production, dermatological effects (pruritus, erythematous scaly eruptions, urticaria)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

case reports - deramtological effects (orally administered extracts of woody nightshade are diaphoretic (increase sweat production) and can produce adverse dermatological effects, including pruritus, erythematous scaly eruptions, and urticaria)