EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Solanum carolinense L.

Family:: Solanaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 408
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: Total glycoalkaloids in fruit pulp #2: Glycoalkaloids in roots #3: Carolinoside in leaves #4: alpha-solamargine in fruits #5: alpha-solasonine in fruits

Endpoint Studies

#1: "Toxicity" of fruits in humans (review article - no details reported)

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Cipollini, ML., Paulk, E., Mink, K., Vaughn, K., Fischer, T. Defense tradeoffs in fleshy fruits: Effects of resource variation on growth, reproduction, and fruit secondary chemistry in Solanum carolinense . journal of chemical ecology, 2004, vol. 30, no. 1, p. 1–17. DOI: 10.1023/B:JOEC.0000013179.45661.68. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Additional extraction description:

fruit pulp
Substance:

Glycoalkaloids (RF-00004801-PAR)
Additional substance description:

"total glycoalkaloids"
Substance used for equivalence:

solasodine (RF-00003583-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Methods of Birner (1969) and vanGelder (1984)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

13.42-16.05
Internal remarks:

Total glycoalkaloids in fruit pulp

Composition #2: Walls, R., Appel, H., Cipollini, M., Schultz, J. Fertility, root reserves and the cost of inducible defenses in the perennial plant Solanum carolinense . journal of chemical ecology, 2005, vol. 31, no. 10, p. 2263–2288. DOI: 10.1007/s10886-005-7101-4. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Substance:

Glycoalkaloids (RF-00004801-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Analytical method - additional description:

method of Birner (1969); first dissolved in 1N HCl, then neutralized with 1N NaOH, then extracted with 5 mL glacial acetic acid
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.5485
Internal remarks:

Glycoalkaloids in roots

Composition #3: THACKER, JD., BORDNER, J., BUMGARDNER, C. CAROLINOSIDE - A PHYTOSTEROIDAL GLYCOSIDE FROM SOLANUM-CAROLINENSE. phytochemistry, 1990, vol. 29, no. 9, p. 2965–2970. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(90)87116-C. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Substance:

carolinoside (RF-00004194-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also MS and IR, UV, etc.
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Carolinoside in leaves

Composition #4: Cipollini, ML., Levey, DJ. Why are some fruits toxic? Glycoalkaloids in Solanum and fruit choice by vertebrates . ecology, 1997, vol. 78, no. 3, p. 782–798. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

solamargine (RF-00003581-PAR)
Additional substance description:

alpha-solamargine
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

TLC, HPLC, and FABMS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alpha-solamargine in fruits

Composition #5: Cipollini, ML., Levey, DJ. Why are some fruits toxic? Glycoalkaloids in Solanum and fruit choice by vertebrates . ecology, 1997, vol. 78, no. 3, p. 782–798. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

solasonine (RF-00003584-PAR)
Additional substance description:

alpha-solasonine
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

TLC, HPLC, and FABMS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alpha-solasonine in fruits

Endpoint study #1: Mezzasalma, Valerio., Ganopoulos, Ioannis., Galimberti, Andrea., Cornara, Laura., Ferri, Emanuele., Labra, Massimo. Poisonous or non-poisonous plants? DNA-based tools and applications for accurate identification . international journal of legal medicine, 2017, vol. 131, no. 1, p. 1–19. DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1460-y. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NOT REPORTED (TOX17A)
Effect description:

"Toxicity" is mentioned for the fruits of this plant in a broad review article. No details reported.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

not reported (CHD030BE)
Internal remarks:

"Toxicity" of fruits in humans (review article - no details reported)