EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Simarouba amara Aubl. // Quassia simaruba L.f. // Simarouba glauca DC.

Family:: Simaroubaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 349
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: Calcium oxalate in leaves #2: Alkaloids in leaves #3: Saponins in leaves #4: Coumarins in leaves #5: Cardiac glycosides in leaves #6: Coumarins (fraxidin and scopoletin) in twigs #7: Canthin-6-one alkaloids in twigs #8: Alkaloids in defatted meal of seeds #9: Phytic Acid in defatted meal seeds #10: Saponins in defatted meal seeds #11: 5-hydroxy-canthin-6-one, an alkaloid, in root bark #12: Quassinoid glucosides in seeds #13: Quassinoids (chaparrinone; holacanthone; glaucarubinone) in root bark

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Shantha, T. R., Prathapa, Reddy M., Rama, Rao V., Kishore, Kumar R., Bhat, Sulochana. Pharmacognostical studies on the leaves of Lakshmitaru (Simarouba glauca DC.), a well known anti-cancerous plant. world journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2016, vol. 5, no. 9, p. 1717–1727. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Substance:

Calcium oxalate (RF-00003960-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Microscopic detection (F536A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Calcium oxalate in leaves

Composition #2: Awate, P.D., Gaikwad, D.K. Influence of Growth Regulators on Secondary Metabolites of Medicinally Important Oil Yielding Plant Simarouba glauca DC. under Water Stress Conditions . journal of stress physiology & biochemistry, 2014, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 222–229. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in leaves

Composition #3: Awate, P.D., Gaikwad, D.K. Influence of Growth Regulators on Secondary Metabolites of Medicinally Important Oil Yielding Plant Simarouba glauca DC. under Water Stress Conditions . journal of stress physiology & biochemistry, 2014, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 222–229. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in leaves

Composition #4: Awate, P.D., Gaikwad, D.K. Influence of Growth Regulators on Secondary Metabolites of Medicinally Important Oil Yielding Plant Simarouba glauca DC. under Water Stress Conditions . journal of stress physiology & biochemistry, 2014, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 222–229. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Coumarins in leaves

Composition #5: Awate, P.D., Gaikwad, D.K. Influence of Growth Regulators on Secondary Metabolites of Medicinally Important Oil Yielding Plant Simarouba glauca DC. under Water Stress Conditions . journal of stress physiology & biochemistry, 2014, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 222–229. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardiac glycosides in leaves

Composition #6: Rivero-Cruz, JF., Lezutekong, R., Lobo-Echeverri, T., Ito, A., Mi, QW., Chai, HB., Soejarto, DD., Cordell, GA., Pezzuto, JM., Swanson, SM., More, I., Kinghorn, AD. Cytotoxic constituents of the twigs of Simaroubla glauca collected from a plot in southern Florida . phytotherapy research, 2005, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 136–140. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1642. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Wood (as part-nature) (A166P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Fraxidin and scopoletin
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

IR, UV, EIMS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Coumarins (fraxidin and scopoletin) in twigs

Composition #7: Rivero-Cruz, JF., Lezutekong, R., Lobo-Echeverri, T., Ito, A., Mi, QW., Chai, HB., Soejarto, DD., Cordell, GA., Pezzuto, JM., Swanson, SM., More, I., Kinghorn, AD. Cytotoxic constituents of the twigs of Simaroubla glauca collected from a plot in southern Florida . phytotherapy research, 2005, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 136–140. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1642. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Wood (as part-nature) (A166P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

canthin-6-one (RF-00003726-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Canthin-6-one, 2-methoxycanthin-6-one, 9-methoxycanthin-6-one, 2-hydroxycanthin-6-one, 4,5-dimethoxycanthin-6-one, 4,5-dihydroxycanthin-6-one
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

IR, UV, EIMS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Canthin-6-one alkaloids in twigs

Composition #8: Govindaraju, K., Darukeshwara, J., Srivastava, Alok K. Studies on protein characteristics and toxic constituents of Simarouba glauca oilseed meal . food and chemical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 6, p. 1327–1332. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.006. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexane
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

in defatted meal
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Gram/100 gram (G013A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.01
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in defatted meal of seeds

Composition #9: Govindaraju, K., Darukeshwara, J., Srivastava, Alok K. Studies on protein characteristics and toxic constituents of Simarouba glauca oilseed meal . food and chemical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 6, p. 1327–1332. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.006. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexane
Substance:

phytic acid (RF-00000363-NTR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Analytical method - additional description:

precipitation as ferric phosphorous with ferric chloride and hydrochloric acid
Result unit:

Gram/100 gram (G013A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.73
Internal remarks:

Phytic Acid in defatted meal seeds

Composition #10: Govindaraju, K., Darukeshwara, J., Srivastava, Alok K. Studies on protein characteristics and toxic constituents of Simarouba glauca oilseed meal . food and chemical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 6, p. 1327–1332. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.006. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

ion exchange
Result unit:

Gram/100 gram (G013A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.70
Internal remarks:

Saponins in defatted meal seeds

Composition #11: LASSAK, EV., POLONSKY, J., JACQUEMIN, H. 5-HYDROXYCANTHIN-6-ONE FROM SIMAROUBA-AMARA. phytochemistry, 1977, vol. 16, no. 7, p. 1126–1127. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86773-4. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexane-defatted then extracted with chloroform
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

"5-hydroxy-canthin-6-one"
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: UV spec
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

5-hydroxy-canthin-6-one, an alkaloid, in root bark

Composition #12: BHATNAGAR, S., POLONSKY, J., PRANGE, T., PASCARD, C. NEW TOXIC QUASSINOID GLUCOSIDES FROM SIMAROUBA-GLAUCA - X-RAY-ANALYSIS. tetrahedron letters, 1984, vol. 25, no. 3, p. 299–302. DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)99867-8. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

quassinoids (RF-00004311-PAR)
Additional substance description:

glaucarubol derivatives
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

ms, uv, ir
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Quassinoid glucosides in seeds

Composition #13: Dou, JH., Khan, IA., McChesney, JD., Burandt, CL. Qualitative and quantitative high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of quassinoids in Simaroubaceae plants . phytochemical analysis, 1996, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 192–200. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199607)7:4<192::AID-PCA303>3.0.CO;2-Z. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

quassinoids (RF-00004311-PAR)
Additional substance description:

chaparrinone; holacanthone; glaucarubinone
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Quassinoids (chaparrinone; holacanthone; glaucarubinone) in root bark