EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Sida rhombifolia L.

Family:: Malvaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 451
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: Sterols in stems #2: Saponins in stems #3: Tannins in stems #4: Scoparone in aerial parts #5: Indoquinoline alkaloids in aerial parts #6: Salt of Cyptolepine in aerial parts #7: Scopoletin in aerial parts #8: Ephedrine in whole plants #9: Ephedrine in roots #10: Alkaloids in roots #11: Saponins in roots #12: Alkaloids in leaves #13: Saponins in leaves #14: Tannins in roots #15: Tannins in leaves #16: Calcium oxalate crystals in leaves #17: Cryptolepine and cryptolepinone in aerial parts #18: Saponins in plant #19: Alkaloids in plant

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Subramanian, Vignesh., Basu, Ishita., Pranav, R., Rajendran, N. Phytochemical screening and functional group analysis of four medicinally important plants. journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research, 2015, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 116–123. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform
Substance:

sterols, total sterols, total (RF-00000402-NTR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Sterols in stems

Composition #2: Subramanian, Vignesh., Basu, Ishita., Pranav, R., Rajendran, N. Phytochemical screening and functional group analysis of four medicinally important plants. journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research, 2015, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 116–123. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in stems

Composition #3: Subramanian, Vignesh., Basu, Ishita., Pranav, R., Rajendran, N. Phytochemical screening and functional group analysis of four medicinally important plants. journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research, 2015, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 116–123. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins in stems

Composition #4: Chaves, Otemberg Souza., Teles, Yanna Carolina Ferreira., Monteiro, Matheus Morais de Oliveira., Mendes Junior, Leonidas das Gracas., Agra, Maria de Fatima., Braga, Valdir de Andrade., Silva, Tania Maria Sarmento., Souza, Maria de Fatima Vanderlei de. Alkaloids and Phenolic Compounds from Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) and Vasorelaxant Activity of Two Indoquinoline Alkaloids. . molecules (basel, switzerland), 2017, vol. 22, no. 1 . DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010094. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

95% ethanol
Substance:

scoparone (RF-00004047-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: HRES-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Scoparone in aerial parts

Composition #5: Chaves, Otemberg Souza., Teles, Yanna Carolina Ferreira., Monteiro, Matheus Morais de Oliveira., Mendes Junior, Leonidas das Gracas., Agra, Maria de Fatima., Braga, Valdir de Andrade., Silva, Tania Maria Sarmento., Souza, Maria de Fatima Vanderlei de. Alkaloids and Phenolic Compounds from Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) and Vasorelaxant Activity of Two Indoquinoline Alkaloids. . molecules (basel, switzerland), 2017, vol. 22, no. 1 . DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010094. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

95% ethanol
Substance:

Quinoline alkaloids (RF-00004326-PAR)
Additional substance description:

"Indoquinoline alkaloids": quindolinone, 11-methoxy-quindoline, and quindoline
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: HRES-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Indoquinoline alkaloids in aerial parts

Composition #6: Chaves, Otemberg Souza., Teles, Yanna Carolina Ferreira., Monteiro, Matheus Morais de Oliveira., Mendes Junior, Leonidas das Gracas., Agra, Maria de Fatima., Braga, Valdir de Andrade., Silva, Tania Maria Sarmento., Souza, Maria de Fatima Vanderlei de. Alkaloids and Phenolic Compounds from Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) and Vasorelaxant Activity of Two Indoquinoline Alkaloids. . molecules (basel, switzerland), 2017, vol. 22, no. 1 . DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010094. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

95% ethanol
Substance:

cryptolepine (RF-00004230-PAR)
Additional substance description:

"a salt of cryptolepine" was identified
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: HRES-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Salt of Cyptolepine in aerial parts

Composition #7: Chaves, Otemberg Souza., Teles, Yanna Carolina Ferreira., Monteiro, Matheus Morais de Oliveira., Mendes Junior, Leonidas das Gracas., Agra, Maria de Fatima., Braga, Valdir de Andrade., Silva, Tania Maria Sarmento., Souza, Maria de Fatima Vanderlei de. Alkaloids and Phenolic Compounds from Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) and Vasorelaxant Activity of Two Indoquinoline Alkaloids. . molecules (basel, switzerland), 2017, vol. 22, no. 1 . DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010094. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

95% ethanol
Substance:

scopoletin (RF-00004048-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: HRES-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Scopoletin in aerial parts

Composition #8: Khatoon, S., Srivastava, M., Rawat, A.K.S., Mehrota, S. HPTLC method for chemical standardization of Sida species and estimation of the alkaloid ephedrine. journal of planar chromatography - modern tlc, 2005, vol. 18, no. 105, p. 364–367. DOI: 10.1556/JPC.18.2005.5.5. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

10% ammonia, followed by methanol
Substance:

ephedrine (RF-00003801-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.017
Internal remarks:

Ephedrine in whole plants

Composition #9: Khatoon, S., Srivastava, M., Rawat, A.K.S., Mehrota, S. HPTLC method for chemical standardization of Sida species and estimation of the alkaloid ephedrine. journal of planar chromatography - modern tlc, 2005, vol. 18, no. 105, p. 364–367. DOI: 10.1556/JPC.18.2005.5.5. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

10% ammonia, followed by methanol
Substance:

ephedrine (RF-00003801-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.031
Internal remarks:

Ephedrine in roots

Composition #10: Papitha, N., Jayshree, N., Seenivasan, S.P., Kumar, V. Anti-tubercular activity on leaves and roots of Sida rhombifolia L. international journal of pharmaceutical sciences review and research, 2013, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 135–137. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform, and ethanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

detected in both the chloroform and the ethanol extracts
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in roots

Composition #11: Papitha, N., Jayshree, N., Seenivasan, S.P., Kumar, V. Anti-tubercular activity on leaves and roots of Sida rhombifolia L. international journal of pharmaceutical sciences review and research, 2013, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 135–137. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethyl acetate and ethanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in roots

Composition #12: Papitha, N., Jayshree, N., Seenivasan, S.P., Kumar, V. Anti-tubercular activity on leaves and roots of Sida rhombifolia L. international journal of pharmaceutical sciences review and research, 2013, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 135–137. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform and ethanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

detected in both the chloroform and the ethanol extracts
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in leaves

Composition #13: Papitha, N., Jayshree, N., Seenivasan, S.P., Kumar, V. Anti-tubercular activity on leaves and roots of Sida rhombifolia L. international journal of pharmaceutical sciences review and research, 2013, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 135–137. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethyl acetate and ethanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in leaves

Composition #14: Papitha, N., Jayshree, N., Seenivasan, S.P., Kumar, V. Anti-tubercular activity on leaves and roots of Sida rhombifolia L. international journal of pharmaceutical sciences review and research, 2013, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 135–137. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethyl acetate and the ethanol
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins in roots

Composition #15: Papitha, N., Jayshree, N., Seenivasan, S.P., Kumar, V. Anti-tubercular activity on leaves and roots of Sida rhombifolia L. international journal of pharmaceutical sciences review and research, 2013, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 135–137. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethyl acetate and the ethanol
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins in leaves

Composition #16: Molano-Flores, B. Herbivory and calcium concentrations affect calcium oxalate crystal formation in leaves of Sida (Malvaceae) . annals of botany, 2001, vol. 88, no. 3, p. 387–391. DOI: 10.1006/anbo.2001.1492. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Substance:

Calcium oxalate (RF-00003960-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Traditional analytical techniques (wet chemical tests) (F003A)
Analytical method - additional description:

solubility testing
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Calcium oxalate crystals in leaves

Composition #17: Chaves, Otemberg Souza., Gomes, Roosevelt Albuquerque., De Andrade Tomaz, Anna Claudia., Fernandes, Marianne Guedes., Mendes Junior, Leonidas Das Gracas., Agra, Maria de Fatima., Braga, Valdir Andrade., Vanderlei de Souza, Maria de Fatima. Secondary Metabolites from Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) and the Vasorelaxant Activity of Cryptolepinone . molecules, 2013, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 2769–2777. DOI: 10.3390/molecules18032769. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 95%
Substance:

cryptolepine (RF-00004230-PAR)
Additional substance description:

also: cryptolepinone
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cryptolepine and cryptolepinone in aerial parts

Composition #18: Kitdamrongtham, Worapong., Manosroi, Aranya., Akazawa, Hiroyuki., Gidado, Abubakar., Stienrut, Pramote., Manosroi, Worapaka., Lohcharoenkal, Warangkana., Akihisa, Toshihiro., Manosroi, Jiradej. Potent anti-cervical cancer activity: Synergistic effects of Thai medicinal plants in recipe N040 selected from the MANOSROI III database . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2013, vol. 149, no. 1, p. 288–296. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.037. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

10g powder extracted by boiling with 800ml of water and 200ml of methanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in plant

Composition #19: Kitdamrongtham, Worapong., Manosroi, Aranya., Akazawa, Hiroyuki., Gidado, Abubakar., Stienrut, Pramote., Manosroi, Worapaka., Lohcharoenkal, Warangkana., Akihisa, Toshihiro., Manosroi, Jiradej. Potent anti-cervical cancer activity: Synergistic effects of Thai medicinal plants in recipe N040 selected from the MANOSROI III database . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2013, vol. 149, no. 1, p. 288–296. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.037. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

10g powder extracted by boiling with 800ml of water and 200ml of methanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in plant