EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Sida acuta Burm.f. // Sida carpinifolia L.f.

Family:: Malvaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 459
Number of processed references:: 14

Endpoint Studies

#1: Decreased body weight in rats #2: Decreased liver organ weights in rats #3: Hematological effects in rats #4: Clinical neurologic effects culminating in death in ponies #5: Effects in the brain and CNS neurons in ponies #6: Effects in kidneys in ponies #7: Neurologic effects in deer #8: Lymph node effects in deer #9: Kidney and Pancreas effects in deer #10: Swelling and multifocal cytoplasmic vacuolation in Purkinje cells in deer #11: Estrogenic effects on the uterus of female rats #12: vacuolation of the epithelium of renal tubules in goat fetuses exposed in utero #13: Edema and increased size of lymph nodes in pregnant goats #14: vacuolation of the epithelial cells of renal tubules in bovine fetus exposed in utero #15: Neurological effects in pregnant cow #16: moderate vacuolation of the follicular cells of the thyroid in bovine fetus exposed in utero #17: slight disappearance of Nissl substance in neurons of the CNS in goat fetuses exposed in utero #18: Neurologic effects and mortality in deer

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Zafar, Rasheed-uz., Ahmad, Sayeed. HPTLC finger prints of Ephedra gerardiana wall and Sida acuta burm. analytical chemistry: an indian journal, 2006, vol. 2(5-6), p. 212–215. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

ephedrine (RF-00003801-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPTLC
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.86
Internal remarks:

ephedrine

Composition #2: Enin, G. N., Antia, B. S., Enin, F. G. Chemical assessment of the proximate, minerals and anti-nutrients composition of Sida acuta leaves. elixir international journal, 2014, vol. (June), 24654-24660, p. 7 pp. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

650.00
Internal remarks:

Saponins in leaves

Composition #3: Enin, G. N., Antia, B. S., Enin, F. G. Chemical assessment of the proximate, minerals and anti-nutrients composition of Sida acuta leaves. elixir international journal, 2014, vol. (June), 24654-24660, p. 7 pp. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Substance:

Hydrocyanic acid (RF-00000333-TOX)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Analytical method - additional description:

alkaline titration method
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

98.25
Internal remarks:

Hydrocyanic acid in leaves

Composition #4: Enin, G. N., Antia, B. S., Enin, F. G. Chemical assessment of the proximate, minerals and anti-nutrients composition of Sida acuta leaves. elixir international journal, 2014, vol. (June), 24654-24660, p. 7 pp. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Substance:

Oxalates (RF-00004308-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Analytical method - additional description:

permanganate titration method
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

140.80
Internal remarks:

Oxalate in leaves

Composition #5: Enin, G. N., Antia, B. S., Enin, F. G. Chemical assessment of the proximate, minerals and anti-nutrients composition of Sida acuta leaves. elixir international journal, 2014, vol. (June), 24654-24660, p. 7 pp. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Substance:

phytic acid (RF-00000363-NTR)
Additional substance description:

"phytate"
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

210.07
Internal remarks:

Phytate in leaves

Composition #6: Enin, G. N., Antia, B. S., Enin, F. G. Chemical assessment of the proximate, minerals and anti-nutrients composition of Sida acuta leaves. elixir international journal, 2014, vol. (June), 24654-24660, p. 7 pp. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

523.00
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in leaves

Composition #7: Kumar, V., Sharma, A., Bhardwaj, R., Thukral, Ashwani Kumar. Polyphenol profiling in the leaves of plants from the catchment area of river Beas, India. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2015, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 1005–1012. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

umbelliferone (RF-00004096-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

668.70
Internal remarks:

Umbelliferone in leaves

Composition #8: Kumar, V., Sharma, A., Bhardwaj, R., Thukral, Ashwani Kumar. Polyphenol profiling in the leaves of plants from the catchment area of river Beas, India. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2015, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 1005–1012. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

gallic acid (RF-00003821-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.90
Internal remarks:

Gallic acid in leaves

Composition #9: Oboh, I.E., Onwukaeme, D.N. Pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaves of Sida acuta Burm.F. (Malvaceae). journal of phytomedicine and therapeutics, 2007, vol. 12, p. 56–65. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional extraction description:

air-dried and ground to powder
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in leaves

Composition #10: Oboh, I.E., Onwukaeme, D.N. Pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaves of Sida acuta Burm.F. (Malvaceae). journal of phytomedicine and therapeutics, 2007, vol. 12, p. 56–65. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional extraction description:

air-dried and ground to powder
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardiac glycosides in leaves

Composition #11: Oboh, I.E., Onwukaeme, D.N. Pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaves of Sida acuta Burm.F. (Malvaceae). journal of phytomedicine and therapeutics, 2007, vol. 12, p. 56–65. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Substance:

Calcium oxalate (RF-00003960-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Microscopic detection (F536A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Calcium oxalate in leaves

Composition #12: Oboh, I.E., Onwukaeme, D.N. Pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaves of Sida acuta Burm.F. (Malvaceae). journal of phytomedicine and therapeutics, 2007, vol. 12, p. 56–65. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional extraction description:

air-dried and ground to powder
Substance:

saponin glycosides saponin glycosides (RF-00004318-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponin glycosides in leaves

Composition #13: Londonkar, R.L., Patil, S.J., Patil, S.B. Phytochemical and contraceptive property of Sida acuta Burm FI. IIN. in albio rats. international journal of pharmtech research, 2009, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 1260–1266. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in leaves

Composition #14: Londonkar, R.L., Patil, S.J., Patil, S.B. Phytochemical and contraceptive property of Sida acuta Burm FI. IIN. in albio rats. international journal of pharmtech research, 2009, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 1260–1266. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether and ethanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in leaves

Composition #15: Cao, J H., Qi, Y P. Studies on the chemical constituents of the herb huanghuaren (Sida acuta Burm. f.) . . zhongguo zhong yao za zhi = zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = china journal of chinese materia medica, 1993, vol. 18, no. 11, p. 681–703. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Acanthoside B (RF-00011066-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

acanthoside B from aerial parts

Composition #16: Cao, J H., Qi, Y P. Studies on the chemical constituents of the herb huanghuaren (Sida acuta Burm. f.) . . zhongguo zhong yao za zhi = zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = china journal of chinese materia medica, 1993, vol. 18, no. 11, p. 681–703. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

heraclenol (RF-00011111-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

heraclenol from aerial parts

Composition #17: Adeniyi, S. A., Orjiekwe, C. L., Ehiagbonare, J. E., Arimah, B. D. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and insecticidal activity of ethanolic extracts of four tropical plants (Vernonia amygdalina, Sida acuta, Ocimum gratissimum and Telfaria occidentalis) against beans weevil (Acanthscelides obtectus) . international journal of the physical sciences, 2010, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 753–762. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

phlobotannins (RF-00011481-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Phlobotannins in leaves

Composition #18: Adeniyi, S. A., Orjiekwe, C. L., Ehiagbonare, J. E., Arimah, B. D. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and insecticidal activity of ethanolic extracts of four tropical plants (Vernonia amygdalina, Sida acuta, Ocimum gratissimum and Telfaria occidentalis) against beans weevil (Acanthscelides obtectus) . international journal of the physical sciences, 2010, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 753–762. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins in leaves

Composition #19: Dhalwal, Kamlesh., Shinde, Vaibhav M., Mahadik, Kakasaheb R. Optimization and validation of reverse phase HPLC and HPTLC method for simultaneous quantification of vasicine and vasicinone in Sida Species . journal of medicinal plants research, 2010, vol. 4, no. 13, p. 1289–1296. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

vasicinone (RF-00004098-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: HPLC densitometry
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.0023-0.0026
Internal remarks:

Vasicinone in roots

Composition #20: Dhalwal, Kamlesh., Shinde, Vaibhav M., Mahadik, Kakasaheb R. Optimization and validation of reverse phase HPLC and HPTLC method for simultaneous quantification of vasicine and vasicinone in Sida Species . journal of medicinal plants research, 2010, vol. 4, no. 13, p. 1289–1296. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

peganine (RF-00003980-PAR)
Additional substance description:

syn of vasicine
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Also: HPLC densitometry
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.008
Internal remarks:

Vasicine in roots

Composition #21: Chatterjee, Arnab., Kumar, Satyanshu., Chattopadhyay, Sunil K. A validated HPLC-PDA method for identification and quantification of two bioactive alkaloids, ephedrine and cryptolepine, in different Sida species . biomedical chromatography, 2013, vol. 27, no. 12, p. 1720–1725. DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2985. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

cryptolepine (RF-00004230-PAR)
Additional substance description:

also quantified in 2%HCl-MeOH extract (4.93 ug/g) and in water extract (1.73 ug/g) and in strong base extract (168.01 ug/g).
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC-PDA-MS
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

12.54
Internal remarks:

Cryptolepine in aerial parts

Composition #22: Anjos, Bruno L., Peixoto, Paulo V., Graca, Flavio A. S., Caldas, Saulo A., Bhaltazar, Daniel., Franca, Ticiana N., Armien, Anibal G. POISONING BY THE SWAINSONINE-CONTAINING PLANT SIDA CARPINIFOLIA IN CAPTIVE SAMBAR DEER (CERVUS UNICOLOR) . journal of zoo and wildlife medicine, 2016, vol. 47, no. 3, p. 862–867. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Substance:

swainsonine (RF-00003594-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

swainsonine

Endpoint study #1: Konate Kiessoun., Bassole Imael Henri Nestor., Hilou Adama., Aworet-Samseny Raissa R R., Souza Alain., Barro Nicolas., Dicko Mamoudou H., Datte Jacques Y., M'Batchi Bertrand. Toxicity assessment and analgesic activity investigation of aqueous acetone extracts of Sida acuta Burn f . and Sida cordifolia L. (Malvaceae), medicinal plants of Burkina Faso. bmc complementary and alternative medicine, 2012, vol. 12, p. 120. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

aqueous acetone (80%)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

24
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

75-200
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Decreased body weight after 1-4 weeks of dosing at all 3 doses (75, 100, 200 mg/kg-day) compared to control
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

body weight (CHD005BE)
Internal remarks:

Decreased body weight in rats

Endpoint study #2: Konate Kiessoun., Bassole Imael Henri Nestor., Hilou Adama., Aworet-Samseny Raissa R R., Souza Alain., Barro Nicolas., Dicko Mamoudou H., Datte Jacques Y., M'Batchi Bertrand. Toxicity assessment and analgesic activity investigation of aqueous acetone extracts of Sida acuta Burn f . and Sida cordifolia L. (Malvaceae), medicinal plants of Burkina Faso. bmc complementary and alternative medicine, 2012, vol. 12, p. 120. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

aqueous acetone (80%)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

24
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

75-200
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Decreased liver (75, 100 and 200 mg/kg-day) weights compared to controls.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

Decreased liver organ weights in rats

Endpoint study #3: Konate Kiessoun., Bassole Imael Henri Nestor., Hilou Adama., Aworet-Samseny Raissa R R., Souza Alain., Barro Nicolas., Dicko Mamoudou H., Datte Jacques Y., M'Batchi Bertrand. Toxicity assessment and analgesic activity investigation of aqueous acetone extracts of Sida acuta Burn f . and Sida cordifolia L. (Malvaceae), medicinal plants of Burkina Faso. bmc complementary and alternative medicine, 2012, vol. 12, p. 120. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

aqueous acetone (80%)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

24
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

75-200
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

Decreased whole blood counts: monocytes (75-200 mg/kg-day), basophils (100 mg/kg-day), hemoglobin, hematocrit and MCV (100-200 mg/kg-day)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

Hematological effects in rats

Endpoint study #4: Loretti, A.P., Colodel, E.M., Gimeno, E.J., Driemeier, D. Lysosomal storage disease in Sida carpinifolia toxicosis: An induced mannosidosis in horses. equine veterinary journal, 2003, vol. 35, no. 5, p. 434–438. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

grazing of ponies in infested paddock
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Horse (as animal) (A0B9Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

Stiff gait, generalised muscle tremors, signs of abdominal pain manifested by kicking at the belly, rolling, falling and moaning, recumbence and death.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Clinical neurologic effects culminating in death in ponies

Endpoint study #5: Loretti, A.P., Colodel, E.M., Gimeno, E.J., Driemeier, D. Lysosomal storage disease in Sida carpinifolia toxicosis: An induced mannosidosis in horses. equine veterinary journal, 2003, vol. 35, no. 5, p. 434–438. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

grazing of ponies in infested paddock
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Horse (as animal) (A0B9Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Brain (TT034A)
Effect description:

Swollen neurones with multiple cytoplasmatic vacuoles in the brain, cerebellum, spinal cord, autonomic - trigeminal and coeliac - ganglia and submucosal and myenteric plexus of the intestines
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Effects in the brain and CNS neurons in ponies

Endpoint study #6: Loretti, A.P., Colodel, E.M., Gimeno, E.J., Driemeier, D. Lysosomal storage disease in Sida carpinifolia toxicosis: An induced mannosidosis in horses. equine veterinary journal, 2003, vol. 35, no. 5, p. 434–438. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

grazing of ponies in infested paddock
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Horse (as animal) (A0B9Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

In kidneys marked vacuolation of the proximal convoluted tubular cells
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Effects in kidneys in ponies

Endpoint study #7: Pedroso, P.M.O., Von Hohendorf, R., De Oliveira, L.G.S., Schmitz, M., Da Cruz, C.E.F., Driemeier, D. SID a carpinifolia (Malvaceae) poisoning in fallow deer (Dama Dama). journal of zoo and wildlife medicine, 2009, vol. 40, no. 3, p. 583–585. DOI: 10.1638/2009-0029.1. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

grazing in zoo captivity - species affected was a single fallow deer
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

Signs of depression, anorexia, lethargy, muscular weakness, tremors, recumbence, apparent blindness, inability to stand up, frequent falls, and abnormal behavior and posture.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

gross pathology (CHD022BE)
Internal remarks:

Neurologic effects in deer

Endpoint study #8: Pedroso, P.M.O., Von Hohendorf, R., De Oliveira, L.G.S., Schmitz, M., Da Cruz, C.E.F., Driemeier, D. SID a carpinifolia (Malvaceae) poisoning in fallow deer (Dama Dama). journal of zoo and wildlife medicine, 2009, vol. 40, no. 3, p. 583–585. DOI: 10.1638/2009-0029.1. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

grazing in zoo captivity - species affected was a single fallow deer
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

IMMUNOTOXICITY (TOX09A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Lymph Nodes (TT013A)
Effect description:

Scapular lymph nodes enlarged and hemorrhagic
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Lymph node effects in deer

Endpoint study #9: Pedroso, P.M.O., Von Hohendorf, R., De Oliveira, L.G.S., Schmitz, M., Da Cruz, C.E.F., Driemeier, D. SID a carpinifolia (Malvaceae) poisoning in fallow deer (Dama Dama). journal of zoo and wildlife medicine, 2009, vol. 40, no. 3, p. 583–585. DOI: 10.1638/2009-0029.1. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

grazing in zoo captivity - species affected was a single fallow deer
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Pancreas (TT024A)
Effect description:

Swelling and multifocal cytoplasmic vacuolation in kidneys and pancreatic cells
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Kidney and Pancreas effects in deer

Endpoint study #10: Pedroso, P.M.O., Von Hohendorf, R., De Oliveira, L.G.S., Schmitz, M., Da Cruz, C.E.F., Driemeier, D. SID a carpinifolia (Malvaceae) poisoning in fallow deer (Dama Dama). journal of zoo and wildlife medicine, 2009, vol. 40, no. 3, p. 583–585. DOI: 10.1638/2009-0029.1. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

grazing in zoo captivity - species affected was a single fallow deer
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Brain (TT034A)
Effect description:

Swelling and multifocal cytoplasmic vacuolation in several tissues, especially in the Purkinje cells
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Swelling and multifocal cytoplasmic vacuolation in Purkinje cells in deer

Endpoint study #11: Londonkar, R.L., Patil, S.J., Patil, S.B. Phytochemical and contraceptive property of Sida acuta Burm FI. IIN. in albio rats. international journal of pharmtech research, 2009, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 1260–1266. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

7.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

12
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

50-100
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

Estrogenic effects: increase in uterine weight, diameter of uterus and thickness of endometrium. Also, in a related study to look at potential contraceptive activity, anti-implantation effect was observed.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

Estrogenic effects on the uterus of female rats

Endpoint study #12: Pedroso, P.M., Colodel, E.M., Seitz, A.L., Correa, G.L., Soares, M.P., Driemeier, D. Pathological findings in fetuses of goats and cattle poisoned by Sida carpinifolia (malvaceae). pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 2012, vol. 32, no. 3, p. 227–230. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-736X2012000300008. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

Chopped and moistened to form a paste, administered with oral syringe
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

30.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

10-13
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

two caprine fetuses were moderate distention and vacuolation of the epithelium of renal tubules
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

vacuolation of the epithelium of renal tubules in goat fetuses exposed in utero

Endpoint study #13: Pedroso, P.M., Colodel, E.M., Seitz, A.L., Correa, G.L., Soares, M.P., Driemeier, D. Pathological findings in fetuses of goats and cattle poisoned by Sida carpinifolia (malvaceae). pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 2012, vol. 32, no. 3, p. 227–230. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-736X2012000300008. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

Chopped and moistened to form a paste, administered with oral syringe
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

30.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

10-13
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Lymph Nodes (TT013A)
Effect description:

Edema and increased size of lymph nodes observed post-mortem
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

gross pathology (CHD022BE)
Internal remarks:

Edema and increased size of lymph nodes in pregnant goats

Endpoint study #14: Pedroso, P.M., Colodel, E.M., Seitz, A.L., Correa, G.L., Soares, M.P., Driemeier, D. Pathological findings in fetuses of goats and cattle poisoned by Sida carpinifolia (malvaceae). pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 2012, vol. 32, no. 3, p. 227–230. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-736X2012000300008. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

"Spontaneously poisoned"
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

Fetus had marked vacuolation of the epithelial cells of renal tubules
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

vacuolation of the epithelial cells of renal tubules in bovine fetus exposed in utero

Endpoint study #15: Pedroso, P.M., Colodel, E.M., Seitz, A.L., Correa, G.L., Soares, M.P., Driemeier, D. Pathological findings in fetuses of goats and cattle poisoned by Sida carpinifolia (malvaceae). pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 2012, vol. 32, no. 3, p. 227–230. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-736X2012000300008. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

"spontaneously poisoned"
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

Clinical: incoordination, generalized tremors, staggering and frequent falls. Histopathological: vacuolation of Purkinje neurons of cerebellum, pancreatic acinar cells, and thyroid follicular cells.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

Neurological effects in pregnant cow

Endpoint study #16: Pedroso, P.M., Colodel, E.M., Seitz, A.L., Correa, G.L., Soares, M.P., Driemeier, D. Pathological findings in fetuses of goats and cattle poisoned by Sida carpinifolia (malvaceae). pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 2012, vol. 32, no. 3, p. 227–230. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-736X2012000300008. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

"Spontaneously poisoned"
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

ENDOCRINE (TOX12A)
Target tissue:

glandular: Thyroid (TT033A)
Effect description:

Fetus had marked moderate vacuolation of the follicular cells of the thyroid
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

moderate vacuolation of the follicular cells of the thyroid in bovine fetus exposed in utero

Endpoint study #17: Pedroso, P.M., Colodel, E.M., Seitz, A.L., Correa, G.L., Soares, M.P., Driemeier, D. Pathological findings in fetuses of goats and cattle poisoned by Sida carpinifolia (malvaceae). pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 2012, vol. 32, no. 3, p. 227–230. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-736X2012000300008. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

Chopped and moistened to form a paste, administered with oral syringe
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

30.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

10-13
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

two caprine fetuses presented slight disappearance of Nissl substance in neurons of the CNS
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

slight disappearance of Nissl substance in neurons of the CNS in goat fetuses exposed in utero

Endpoint study #18: Anjos, Bruno L., Peixoto, Paulo V., Graca, Flavio A. S., Caldas, Saulo A., Bhaltazar, Daniel., Franca, Ticiana N., Armien, Anibal G. POISONING BY THE SWAINSONINE-CONTAINING PLANT SIDA CARPINIFOLIA IN CAPTIVE SAMBAR DEER (CERVUS UNICOLOR) . journal of zoo and wildlife medicine, 2016, vol. 47, no. 3, p. 862–867. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

grazing of deer in a zoo
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Ruminants (generic) (as animal) (A169S)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

9
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

Neurologic signs included: depression, hyperexcitability, tremors, muscular weakness, ataxia, dysmetry with hypermetry or hypometry, indifference to cross obstacles in front of them, and frequent falls. 4 of 9 clinical cases died.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Neurologic effects and mortality in deer