EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link // Cassia occidentalis L.

Family:: Fabaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1198
Number of processed references:: 12

Compositions

#1: Chrysophanol in seeds #2: Emodin in seeds #3: Aloe-emodin in seeds #4: Rhein in seeds #5: Physcion in seeds #6: Anthraquinones in seeds

Endpoint Studies

#1: Cardiac effects in sheep #2: Neurologic effects in chicks fed seeds #3: Muscular effects and mortality in chicks #4: Neurologic, muscular, liver and kidney effects in rats dosed sub-acutely #5: Vomiting, hepatomyoencephalopathy and death in children from consuming pods/beans #6: Reproductive effects in goats #7: Cardiac effects/mortality in goats #8: Liver, muscle and nerve histopathological effects in goats #9: Neuromuscular changes and death in cattle accidentally poisoned #10: Gastrointestinal illness in humans and other large animals #11: Neurologic and neuromuscular effects in rats #12: Body weight gain and food consumption effects in rats #13: Organ weight effects in rats #14: Hematological effects in rats #15: Histopathological effects in liver and muscles in rats #16: Mortality in rats #17: Reproductive effects in laying hens dosed with ET/IT of seeds #18: Mitochondrial myopathy in chicks

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Panigrahi, Gati Krushna., Ch, Ratnasekhar., Mudiam, Mohana K. R., Vashishtha, Vipin M., Raisuddin, S., Das, Mukul. Activity-Guided Chemo Toxic Profiling of Cassia occidentalis (CO) Seeds: Detection of Toxic Compounds in Body Fluids of CO-Exposed Patients and Experimental Rats . chemical research in toxicology, 2015, vol. 28, no. 6, p. 1120–1132. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00056. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

chrysophanol (RF-00003737-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

68.7
Internal remarks:

Chrysophanol in seeds

Composition #2: Panigrahi, Gati Krushna., Ch, Ratnasekhar., Mudiam, Mohana K. R., Vashishtha, Vipin M., Raisuddin, S., Das, Mukul. Activity-Guided Chemo Toxic Profiling of Cassia occidentalis (CO) Seeds: Detection of Toxic Compounds in Body Fluids of CO-Exposed Patients and Experimental Rats . chemical research in toxicology, 2015, vol. 28, no. 6, p. 1120–1132. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00056. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Emodin (RF-00003798-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

269.0
Internal remarks:

Emodin in seeds

Composition #3: Panigrahi, Gati Krushna., Ch, Ratnasekhar., Mudiam, Mohana K. R., Vashishtha, Vipin M., Raisuddin, S., Das, Mukul. Activity-Guided Chemo Toxic Profiling of Cassia occidentalis (CO) Seeds: Detection of Toxic Compounds in Body Fluids of CO-Exposed Patients and Experimental Rats . chemical research in toxicology, 2015, vol. 28, no. 6, p. 1120–1132. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00056. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Aloe-emodin (RF-00003670-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

52.5
Internal remarks:

Aloe-emodin in seeds

Composition #4: Panigrahi, Gati Krushna., Ch, Ratnasekhar., Mudiam, Mohana K. R., Vashishtha, Vipin M., Raisuddin, S., Das, Mukul. Activity-Guided Chemo Toxic Profiling of Cassia occidentalis (CO) Seeds: Detection of Toxic Compounds in Body Fluids of CO-Exposed Patients and Experimental Rats . chemical research in toxicology, 2015, vol. 28, no. 6, p. 1120–1132. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00056. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

rhein (RF-00004027-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

132.0
Internal remarks:

Rhein in seeds

Composition #5: Panigrahi, Gati Krushna., Ch, Ratnasekhar., Mudiam, Mohana K. R., Vashishtha, Vipin M., Raisuddin, S., Das, Mukul. Activity-Guided Chemo Toxic Profiling of Cassia occidentalis (CO) Seeds: Detection of Toxic Compounds in Body Fluids of CO-Exposed Patients and Experimental Rats . chemical research in toxicology, 2015, vol. 28, no. 6, p. 1120–1132. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00056. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

physcion (RF-00003993-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4153.5
Internal remarks:

Physcion in seeds

Composition #6: Gotardo, Andre T., Haraguchi, Mitsue., Raspantini, Paulo C. F., Dagli, Maria L. Z., Gorniak, Silvana L. Toxicity of Senna occidentalis seeds in laying hens and its effects on egg production . avian pathology, 2017, vol. 46, no. 3, p. 332–337. DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1278199. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ETOH 96% + column chromatography
Substance:

anthraquinones (RF-00004343-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Anthraquinones in seeds

Endpoint study #1: Lopes, D I S., Sousa, M G., Ramos, A T., Maruo, V M. Cardiotoxicity of Senna occidentalis in sheep (Ovis aries).. open veterinary journal, 2016, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 30–5. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Tested organism:

Sheep (as animal) (A057G)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Month (G206A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

2-4
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Vacuolar degeneration, myofiber edema and disarray, and structural disorganization, indications of cellular necrosis. Increase in plasma cardiac enzymes AST and LDH.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Cardiac effects in sheep

Endpoint study #2: Calore, EE., Cavaliere, MJ., Haraguchi, M., Gorniak, SL., Dagli, MLZ., Raspantini, PC., Calore, NMP., Weg, R. Toxic peripheral neuropathy of chicks fed Senna occidentalis seeds. ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 1998, vol. 39, no. 1, p. 27–30. DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1997.1604. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Raw, no heat treatment (A07HS)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal) (A057Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

10.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

4
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Muscle, Skeletal (TT055A)
Effect description:

Anorexia, muscle atrophy and waddling gait observed; deaths in 2 of 6 treated chicks. Histopathology of sciatic nerve showed axonal damage and myelin irregularities.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Neurologic effects in chicks fed seeds

Endpoint study #3: Haraguchi, M., Gorniak, SL., Calore, EE., Cavaliere, MJ., Raspantini, PC., Calore, NMP., Dagli, MLZ. Muscle degeneration in chicks caused by Senna occidentalis seeds. avian pathology, 1998, vol. 27, no. 4, p. 346–351. DOI: 10.1080/03079459808419350. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Additional plant/substance description:

dried and powdered
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal) (A057Z)
Exposure duration:

15.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

7
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

4
Critical effect:

MUSCLO-SKELETAL (TOX13A)
Target tissue:

Muscle, Skeletal (TT055A)
Effect description:

Muscular weakness and atrophy, mortality. The histopathological lesions observed in the M. ileofibularis were degenerated and necrotic fibres characterized by vacuolization, hyalinization and fragmentation.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Muscular effects and mortality in chicks

Endpoint study #4: Barbosa-Ferreira, M., Dagli, MLZ., Maiorka, PC., Gorniak, SL. Sub-acute intoxication by Senna occidentalis seeds in rats. food and chemical toxicology, 2005, vol. 43, no. 4, p. 497–503. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.11.017. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

14.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

1-4
Critical effect:

MUSCLO-SKELETAL (TOX13A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

Reduced food consumption and body weight gain. Lethargy, weakness, recumbency, depression, and emaciation. Atrophy and myositis of skeletal muscle, degeneration of myocardial fibers. Also, liver, kidney and CNS effects.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

food consumption (CHD007BE)
Internal remarks:

Neurologic, muscular, liver and kidney effects in rats dosed sub-acutely

Endpoint study #5: Vashishtha, Vipin M., Kumar, Amod., John, T. Jacob., Nayak, N. C. Cassia occidentalis poisoning causes fatal coma in children in western Uttar Pradesh . indian pediatrics, 2007, vol. 44, no. 7, p. 522–525. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional plant/substance description:

pods and beans
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Vomiting, hepatomyoencephalopathy, agitation, and in some cases convulsions, resulting in death in 9/10 children in the study.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Vomiting, hepatomyoencephalopathy and death in children from consuming pods/beans

Endpoint study #6: Barbosa-Ferreira, Marcos., Pfister, James A., Gotardo, Andre T., Maiorka, Paulo C., Gorniak, Silvana L. Intoxication by Senna occidentalis seeds in pregnant goats: Prenatal and postnatal evaluation . experimental and toxicologic pathology, 2011, vol. 63, no. 3, p. 263–268. DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.01.004. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

4.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Month (G206A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight per day (G212A)
Effect concentration:

32
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

Fetal death and resorptions observed. Also one offspring died immediately after birth.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Reproductive effects in goats

Endpoint study #7: Barbosa-Ferreira, Marcos., Pfister, James A., Gotardo, Andre T., Maiorka, Paulo C., Gorniak, Silvana L. Intoxication by Senna occidentalis seeds in pregnant goats: Prenatal and postnatal evaluation . experimental and toxicologic pathology, 2011, vol. 63, no. 3, p. 263–268. DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.01.004. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

4.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Month (G206A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight per day (G212A)
Effect concentration:

32
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Myocardium of deceased dam consisted of diffuse pale irregular areas. Signs of heart failure such as congestion and pulmonary edema, and clotted blood intheleftventricle of the heart.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Cardiac effects/mortality in goats

Endpoint study #8: Barbosa-Ferreira, Marcos., Pfister, James A., Gotardo, Andre T., Maiorka, Paulo C., Gorniak, Silvana L. Intoxication by Senna occidentalis seeds in pregnant goats: Prenatal and postnatal evaluation . experimental and toxicologic pathology, 2011, vol. 63, no. 3, p. 263–268. DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.01.004. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

4.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Month (G206A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Grams per kilogram body weight per day (G212A)
Effect concentration:

32
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

Muscle, Skeletal (TT055A)
Effect description:

Vacuolated hepatocytes in the liver. Necrosis,swelling, disorganization and myofibril disruption in pectoris major muscle, cardiac muscle and sciatic nerve cells.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Liver, muscle and nerve histopathological effects in goats

Endpoint study #9: Carmo, Priscila M. S., Irigoyen, Luiz Francisco., Lucena, Ricardo B., Fighera, Rafael A., Kommers, Glaucia D., Barros, Claudio S. L. Spontaneous coffee senna poisoning in cattle: Report on 16 outbreaks. pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 2011, vol. 31, no. 2, p. 139–146. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Muscle, Skeletal (TT055A)
Effect description:

Mortality from 4.2-55.2%. Dry feces, muscle weakness, tachypnea, instability (swaying) of the hind limbs, tremors. Segmental degenerative myopathy of striated muscles.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Neuromuscular changes and death in cattle accidentally poisoned

Endpoint study #10: Bhatia, Harpreet., Manhas, R. K., Kumar, Kewal., Magotra, Rani. Traditional knowledge on poisonous plants of Udhampur district of Jammu and Kashmir, India . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2014, vol. 152, no. 1, p. 207–216. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.058. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional plant/substance description:

seeds and pods, possibly also leaves
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Gastrointestinal illness: Leaf and pod intake by animals results in gastroenteritis, vomiting, nausea, uneasiness, fever, purgation and ataxia
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

not reported (CHD030BE)
Internal remarks:

Gastrointestinal illness in humans and other large animals

Endpoint study #11: Panigrahi, Gatikrushna., Tiwari, Shashikant., Ansari, Kausar M., Chaturvedi, Rajnish K., Khanna, Vinay K., Chaudhari, Bhushan P., Vashistha, Vipin M., Raisuddin, S., Das, Mukul. Association between children death and consumption of Cassia occidentalis seeds: Clinical and experimental investigations . food and chemical toxicology, 2014, vol. 67, p. 236–248. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.005. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

dried and powdered
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Guideline used:

According to
Guideline:

OECD GUIDELINE 407 (REPEATED DOSE 28-DAY ORAL TOXICITY IN RODENTS) (OECD1255PL)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

15
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

0.5-2.0
Critical effect:

MUSCLO-SKELETAL (TOX13A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Brain (TT034A)
Effect description:

Decreases in locomotive behavior, grip strength, learning and memory
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

Neurologic and neuromuscular effects in rats

Endpoint study #12: Panigrahi, Gatikrushna., Tiwari, Shashikant., Ansari, Kausar M., Chaturvedi, Rajnish K., Khanna, Vinay K., Chaudhari, Bhushan P., Vashistha, Vipin M., Raisuddin, S., Das, Mukul. Association between children death and consumption of Cassia occidentalis seeds: Clinical and experimental investigations . food and chemical toxicology, 2014, vol. 67, p. 236–248. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.005. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

dried and powdered
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Guideline used:

According to
Guideline:

OECD GUIDELINE 407 (REPEATED DOSE 28-DAY ORAL TOXICITY IN RODENTS) (OECD1255PL)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

15
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

0.5-2.0
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

Decreased body weight gain in all dosed groups; decreased food consumption in 2% CO group.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

body weight (CHD005BE)
Internal remarks:

Body weight gain and food consumption effects in rats

Endpoint study #13: Panigrahi, Gatikrushna., Tiwari, Shashikant., Ansari, Kausar M., Chaturvedi, Rajnish K., Khanna, Vinay K., Chaudhari, Bhushan P., Vashistha, Vipin M., Raisuddin, S., Das, Mukul. Association between children death and consumption of Cassia occidentalis seeds: Clinical and experimental investigations . food and chemical toxicology, 2014, vol. 67, p. 236–248. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.005. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

dried and powdered
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Guideline used:

According to
Guideline:

OECD GUIDELINE 407 (REPEATED DOSE 28-DAY ORAL TOXICITY IN RODENTS) (OECD1255PL)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

15
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

0.5-2.0
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Increased organ weights: liver, heart and spleen.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

Organ weight effects in rats

Endpoint study #14: Panigrahi, Gatikrushna., Tiwari, Shashikant., Ansari, Kausar M., Chaturvedi, Rajnish K., Khanna, Vinay K., Chaudhari, Bhushan P., Vashistha, Vipin M., Raisuddin, S., Das, Mukul. Association between children death and consumption of Cassia occidentalis seeds: Clinical and experimental investigations . food and chemical toxicology, 2014, vol. 67, p. 236–248. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.005. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

dried and powdered
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Guideline used:

According to
Guideline:

OECD GUIDELINE 407 (REPEATED DOSE 28-DAY ORAL TOXICITY IN RODENTS) (OECD1255PL)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

15
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

0.5-2.0
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

Decreased white blood cell counts, red blood cell counts and hemoglobin. Also decrease in platelets and PVC.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

Hematological effects in rats

Endpoint study #15: Panigrahi, Gatikrushna., Tiwari, Shashikant., Ansari, Kausar M., Chaturvedi, Rajnish K., Khanna, Vinay K., Chaudhari, Bhushan P., Vashistha, Vipin M., Raisuddin, S., Das, Mukul. Association between children death and consumption of Cassia occidentalis seeds: Clinical and experimental investigations . food and chemical toxicology, 2014, vol. 67, p. 236–248. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.005. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

dried and powdered
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Guideline used:

According to
Guideline:

OECD GUIDELINE 407 (REPEATED DOSE 28-DAY ORAL TOXICITY IN RODENTS) (OECD1255PL)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

15
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

2.0
Critical effect:

MUSCLO-SKELETAL (TOX13A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

Liver showed centrilobular necrosis around the central vein and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Vacuolization and myopathy of skeletal muscles in diaphragm and tibia.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Histopathological effects in liver and muscles in rats

Endpoint study #16: Panigrahi, Gatikrushna., Tiwari, Shashikant., Ansari, Kausar M., Chaturvedi, Rajnish K., Khanna, Vinay K., Chaudhari, Bhushan P., Vashistha, Vipin M., Raisuddin, S., Das, Mukul. Association between children death and consumption of Cassia occidentalis seeds: Clinical and experimental investigations . food and chemical toxicology, 2014, vol. 67, p. 236–248. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.005. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

dried and powdered
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Guideline used:

According to
Guideline:

OECD GUIDELINE 407 (REPEATED DOSE 28-DAY ORAL TOXICITY IN RODENTS) (OECD1255PL)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

2.0-8.0
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

Mortality in young rats ranged from 20-100% from 2-8% CO seed in feed. Mortality in adult rats ranged from 40-100% in 4-8% doses. Also observed: lethargy, weakness, recumbency and emaciation.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality in rats

Endpoint study #17: Gotardo, Andre T., Haraguchi, Mitsue., Raspantini, Paulo C. F., Dagli, Maria L. Z., Gorniak, Silvana L. Toxicity of Senna occidentalis seeds in laying hens and its effects on egg production . avian pathology, 2017, vol. 46, no. 3, p. 332–337. DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1278199. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional plant/substance description:

external and internal tegument used for dosing, not full seed (ET/IT)
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal) (A057Z)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

42.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

24
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

0.2
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Ovaries (TT047A)
Effect description:

Mean percentage egg production laid was reduced throughout the experiment. Lower feed efficiency (eggs/feed consumed). Histopathological changes in the ovaries.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Reproductive effects in laying hens dosed with ET/IT of seeds

Endpoint study #18: Cavaliere, MJ., Calore, EE., Haraguchi, M., Gorniak, SL., Dagli, MLZ., Raspantini, PC., Calore, NMP., Weg, R. Mitochondrial myopathy in Senna occidentalis-seed-fed chicken. ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 1997, vol. 37, no. 2, p. 181–185. DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1997.1542. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal) (A057Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

10.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

4
Critical effect:

MUSCLO-SKELETAL (TOX13A)
Target tissue:

Muscle, Skeletal (TT055A)
Effect description:

Mitochondrial myopathy, muscle fiber atrophy, anorexia, waddling gate, and mortality.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mitochondrial myopathy in chicks