EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Semecarpus anacardium L.f.

Family:: Anacardiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 512
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: Alkaloids in leaves. #2: Tannins in leaves. #3: Saponins in leaves. #4: Alkaloids in nuts. #5: Saponins in nuts. #6: Tannins in nuts. #7: Anacardic acid in fruits.

Endpoint Studies

#1: 7 day study - Alteration in profile of blood parameters (Hb percent and RBC count). Significant decrease in Hb percent and lowering of erythrocytes (anemia) #2: 21 day study - Alteration in profile of blood parameters (Hb percent and RBC count). Significant decrease in Hb percent and lowering of erythrocytes (anemia) #3: The mortality pattern clearly shows that the extract-peanut oil combination was safe up to 100 mg/kg/day dose, while at 200/mg/kg/day dose 16.5% mortality was observed. #4: In case of same extract emulsified with Tween-80 saline, even with 25mg/kg/day dose 16.5% mortality was observed and at 200 mg/kg/day does 100% mortality was observed . #5: Extract with peanut oil showed increase in weight of animals at 25 mg/kg/day dose while with increased concentration there was weight loss. #6: Extract emulsified with Tween-80 saline showed marked reduction of RBC and HBG. from the dose of 25mg/kg/day, and was much higher in higher concentrations #7: The hemoglobin percentage was increased to the level of 17.05 from 14.46 at 25 mg/kg/day dose and then with highest doses it was gradually reduced.

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Pednekar, P.A., Raman, B. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies of Semecarpus anacardium (Linn.f.) leaves. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2012, vol. 4, no. SUPPL.3, p. 682–685. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

carbon tetrachloride, 2-butanone
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Fluorescence
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in leaves.

Composition #2: Pednekar, P.A., Raman, B. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies of Semecarpus anacardium (Linn.f.) leaves. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2012, vol. 4, no. SUPPL.3, p. 682–685. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, methanol, acetone, 2-propanol, 2-butanone, dichloromethane,
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Fluorescence
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins in leaves.

Composition #3: Pednekar, P.A., Raman, B. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies of Semecarpus anacardium (Linn.f.) leaves. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2012, vol. 4, no. SUPPL.3, p. 682–685. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, acetone, dichloromethane,
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Fluorescence
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in leaves.

Composition #4: Singh, R., Kakkar, A., Mishra, V.K. Anti-tuberculosis activity and GC-MS analysis of water extract of Semecarpus anacardium nuts. der pharma chemica, 2015, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 278–285. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and distilled water
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in nuts.

Composition #5: Singh, R., Kakkar, A., Mishra, V.K. Anti-tuberculosis activity and GC-MS analysis of water extract of Semecarpus anacardium nuts. der pharma chemica, 2015, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 278–285. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and distilled water
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in nuts.

Composition #6: Singh, R., Kakkar, A., Mishra, V.K. Anti-tuberculosis activity and GC-MS analysis of water extract of Semecarpus anacardium nuts. der pharma chemica, 2015, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 278–285. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and distilled water
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins in nuts.

Composition #7: Maurya, Santosh Kumar., Seth, Ankit., Laloo, Damiki., Singh, Narendra Kumar., Gautam, Dev Nath Singh., Singh, Anil Kumar. Sodhana: An Ayurvedic process for detoxification and modification of therapeutic activities of poisonous medicinal plants. . ancient science of life, 2015, vol. 34, no. 4, p. 188–97. DOI: 10.4103/0257-7941.160862. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Additional extraction description:

Unspecified extraction method.
Substance:

Anacardic acid (RF-00004143-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Anacardic acid in fruits.

Endpoint study #1: Choudhari, C. V., Deshmukh, P. B. Acute and subchronic toxicity study of Semecarpus anacardium of hemoglobin percent and RBC count of male albino rat. journal of herbal medicine and toxicology, 2007, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 41–43. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

nut oil ext. (50% wt./vol.) in ground nut oil.
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

No data
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

7.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

250-750
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

Alteration in profile of blood parameters (Hb percent and RBC count). Significant decrease in Hb percent and lowering of erythrocytes (anemia)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

7 day study - Alteration in profile of blood parameters (Hb percent and RBC count). Significant decrease in Hb percent and lowering of erythrocytes (anemia)

Endpoint study #2: Choudhari, C. V., Deshmukh, P. B. Acute and subchronic toxicity study of Semecarpus anacardium of hemoglobin percent and RBC count of male albino rat. journal of herbal medicine and toxicology, 2007, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 41–43. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

nut oil ext. (50% wt./vol.) in ground nut oil.
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

No data
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

21.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

83.33-166.66
Critical effect:

NOT REPORTED (TOX17A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

Alteration in profile of blood parameters (Hb percent and RBC count). Significant decrease in Hb percent and lowering of erythrocytes (anemia)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

21 day study - Alteration in profile of blood parameters (Hb percent and RBC count). Significant decrease in Hb percent and lowering of erythrocytes (anemia)

Endpoint study #3: Patwardhan, B., Saraf, M N., David, S B. Toxicity of semecarpus anacardium extract.. ancient science of life, 1988, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 106–9. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

S. anacardium extract with peanut oil
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

9.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

200
Effect description:

mortality
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

The mortality pattern clearly shows that the extract-peanut oil combination was safe up to 100 mg/kg/day dose, while at 200/mg/kg/day dose 16.5% mortality was observed.

Endpoint study #4: Patwardhan, B., Saraf, M N., David, S B. Toxicity of semecarpus anacardium extract.. ancient science of life, 1988, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 106–9. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

S. anacardium extract emulsified with Tween-80 saline
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

9.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

20
Effect description:

mortality
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

In case of same extract emulsified with Tween-80 saline, even with 25mg/kg/day dose 16.5% mortality was observed and at 200 mg/kg/day does 100% mortality was observed .

Endpoint study #5: Patwardhan, B., Saraf, M N., David, S B. Toxicity of semecarpus anacardium extract.. ancient science of life, 1988, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 106–9. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

S. anacardium extract with peanut oil
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

9.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

25
Effect description:

body weight changes
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

body weight (CHD005BE)
Internal remarks:

Extract with peanut oil showed increase in weight of animals at 25 mg/kg/day dose while with increased concentration there was weight loss.

Endpoint study #6: Patwardhan, B., Saraf, M N., David, S B. Toxicity of semecarpus anacardium extract.. ancient science of life, 1988, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 106–9. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

S. anacardium extract emulsified with Tween-80 saline
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

9.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

25
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

RBC, hemoglobin decrease
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

Extract emulsified with Tween-80 saline showed marked reduction of RBC and HBG. from the dose of 25mg/kg/day, and was much higher in higher concentrations

Endpoint study #7: Patwardhan, B., Saraf, M N., David, S B. Toxicity of semecarpus anacardium extract.. ancient science of life, 1988, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 106–9. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

S. anacardium extract with peanut oil
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

9.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

25
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

HGB
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

The hemoglobin percentage was increased to the level of 17.05 from 14.46 at 25 mg/kg/day dose and then with highest doses it was gradually reduced.