EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N.E. Br.

Family:: Aizoaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 60
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: mesembrenone in aerial parts #2: mesembrenol in aerial parts #3: mesembrine in aerial parts #4: Mesembranol in leaves #5: Mesembrine in leaves #6: Mesembrenol in leaves #7: Mesembrenone in leaves #8: Mesembrenone in unspecified part #9: Mesembrine in unspecified part #10: Alkaloids (Hordenine, Dihydrojoubertiamine, o-Methyljoubertiamine, Mesembranol, Sceletenone, Dehydrojoubertiamine, 4-o -Desmethylmesembrenone, 4-o-Desmethylmesembrenol, Mesembrine, Dehydrojoubertiamine, Joubertiamine) in plant powder extract #11: coumarins in whole plant extract #12: anthraquinones in whole plant extract #13: alkaloids in whole plant extract #14: tannins in whole plant extract #15: tortuosamine in unspecified part

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Shikanga, Emmanuel Amukohe., Viljoen, Alvaro M., Combrinck, Sandra., Marston, Andrew., Gericke, Nigel. The chemotypic variation of Sceletium tortuosum alkaloids and commercial product formulations . biochemical systematics and ecology, 2012, vol. 44, p. 364–373. DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2012.06.025. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Sulfuric acid
Substance:

mesembrenone (RF-00003927-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

50.86 - 72.51
Internal remarks:

mesembrenone in aerial parts

Composition #2: Shikanga, Emmanuel Amukohe., Viljoen, Alvaro M., Combrinck, Sandra., Marston, Andrew., Gericke, Nigel. The chemotypic variation of Sceletium tortuosum alkaloids and commercial product formulations . biochemical systematics and ecology, 2012, vol. 44, p. 364–373. DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2012.06.025. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Sulfuric acid
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

mesembrenol
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

64.96 - 95.55
Internal remarks:

mesembrenol in aerial parts

Composition #3: Shikanga, Emmanuel Amukohe., Viljoen, Alvaro M., Combrinck, Sandra., Marston, Andrew., Gericke, Nigel. The chemotypic variation of Sceletium tortuosum alkaloids and commercial product formulations . biochemical systematics and ecology, 2012, vol. 44, p. 364–373. DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2012.06.025. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Sulfuric acid
Substance:

mesembrine (RF-00003928-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

51.25 - 92.50
Internal remarks:

mesembrine in aerial parts

Composition #4: Shikanga, E. A., Kamatou, G. P. P., Chen, W., Combrinck, S., Viljoen, A. M. Validated RP-UHPLC PDA and GC-MS methods for the analysis of psychoactive alkaloids in Sceletium tortuosum . south african journal of botany, 2012, vol. 82, p. 99–107. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2012.05.004. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH, DCM, NH3 and sulfuric acid
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Mesembranol
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Analytical method - additional description:

RP‐UHPLC PDA and GC–MS
Result unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

253.55
Internal remarks:

Mesembranol in leaves

Composition #5: Shikanga, E. A., Kamatou, G. P. P., Chen, W., Combrinck, S., Viljoen, A. M. Validated RP-UHPLC PDA and GC-MS methods for the analysis of psychoactive alkaloids in Sceletium tortuosum . south african journal of botany, 2012, vol. 82, p. 99–107. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2012.05.004. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH, DCM, NH3 and sulfuric acid
Substance:

mesembrine (RF-00003928-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Analytical method - additional description:

RP‐UHPLC PDA and GC–MS
Result unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

135.08
Internal remarks:

Mesembrine in leaves

Composition #6: Shikanga, E. A., Kamatou, G. P. P., Chen, W., Combrinck, S., Viljoen, A. M. Validated RP-UHPLC PDA and GC-MS methods for the analysis of psychoactive alkaloids in Sceletium tortuosum . south african journal of botany, 2012, vol. 82, p. 99–107. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2012.05.004. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH, DCM, NH3 and sulfuric acid
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Mesembrenol
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Analytical method - additional description:

RP‐UHPLC PDA and GC–MS
Result unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

529.48
Internal remarks:

Mesembrenol in leaves

Composition #7: Shikanga, E. A., Kamatou, G. P. P., Chen, W., Combrinck, S., Viljoen, A. M. Validated RP-UHPLC PDA and GC-MS methods for the analysis of psychoactive alkaloids in Sceletium tortuosum . south african journal of botany, 2012, vol. 82, p. 99–107. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2012.05.004. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH, DCM, NH3 and sulfuric acid
Substance:

mesembrenone (RF-00003927-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Analytical method - additional description:

RP‐UHPLC PDA and GC–MS
Result unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

351.69
Internal remarks:

Mesembrenone in leaves

Composition #8: Meyer, Golo M. J., Wink, Carina S. D., Zapp, Josef., Maurer, Hans H. GC-MS, LC-MSn, LC-high resolution-MSn, and NMR studies on the metabolism and toxicological detection of mesembrine and mesembrenone, the main alkaloids of the legal high "Kanna" isolated from Sceletium tortuosum . analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2015, vol. 407, no. 3, p. 761–778. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8109-9. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

n-pentane : n-hexane
Substance:

mesembrenone (RF-00003927-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Mesembrenone
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Mesembrenone in unspecified part

Composition #9: Meyer, Golo M. J., Wink, Carina S. D., Zapp, Josef., Maurer, Hans H. GC-MS, LC-MSn, LC-high resolution-MSn, and NMR studies on the metabolism and toxicological detection of mesembrine and mesembrenone, the main alkaloids of the legal high "Kanna" isolated from Sceletium tortuosum . analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2015, vol. 407, no. 3, p. 761–778. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8109-9. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

n-pentane : n-hexane
Substance:

mesembrine (RF-00003928-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Mesembrine
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Mesembrine in unspecified part

Composition #10: Lesiak, Ashton D., Cody, Robert B., Ubukata, Masaaki., Musah, Rabi A. Direct analysis in real time high resolution mass spectrometry as a tool for rapid characterization of mind-altering plant materials and revelation of supplement adulteration - The case of Kanna . forensic science international, 2016, vol. 260, p. 66–73. DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.037. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified (plant powder)
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Hordenine, Dihydrojoubertiamine, o-Methyljoubertiamine, Mesembranol, Sceletenone, Dehydrojoubertiamine, 4-o -Desmethylmesembrenone, 4-o-Desmethylmesembrenol, Mesembrine, Dehydrojoubertiamine, Joubertiamine
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Analytical method - additional description:

DART-HRTOFMS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids (Hordenine, Dihydrojoubertiamine, o-Methyljoubertiamine, Mesembranol, Sceletenone, Dehydrojoubertiamine, 4-o -Desmethylmesembrenone, 4-o-Desmethylmesembrenol, Mesembrine, Dehydrojoubertiamine, Joubertiamine) in plant powder extract

Composition #11: Kapewangolo, P., Tawha, T., Nawinda, T., Knott, M., Hans, R. Sceletium tortuosum demonstrates in vitro anti-HIV and free radical scavenging activity . south african journal of botany, 2016, vol. 106, p. 140–143. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.06.009. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol (whole plant)
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

coumarins in whole plant extract

Composition #12: Kapewangolo, P., Tawha, T., Nawinda, T., Knott, M., Hans, R. Sceletium tortuosum demonstrates in vitro anti-HIV and free radical scavenging activity . south african journal of botany, 2016, vol. 106, p. 140–143. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.06.009. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol (whole plant)
Substance:

anthraquinones (RF-00004343-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

anthraquinones in whole plant extract

Composition #13: Kapewangolo, P., Tawha, T., Nawinda, T., Knott, M., Hans, R. Sceletium tortuosum demonstrates in vitro anti-HIV and free radical scavenging activity . south african journal of botany, 2016, vol. 106, p. 140–143. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.06.009. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol (whole plant)
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids in whole plant extract

Composition #14: Kapewangolo, P., Tawha, T., Nawinda, T., Knott, M., Hans, R. Sceletium tortuosum demonstrates in vitro anti-HIV and free radical scavenging activity . south african journal of botany, 2016, vol. 106, p. 140–143. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.06.009. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol (whole plant)
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tannins in whole plant extract

Composition #15: SNYCKERS, FO., STRELOW, F., WIECHERS, A. STRUCTURES OF PARTIAL RACEMIC SCELETIUM ALKALOID A4 AND TORTUOSAMINE, PYRIDINE ALKALOIDS FROM SCELETIUM-TORTUOSUM NE BR . journal of the chemical society d-chemical communications, 1971, no. 22, p. 1467–&. DOI: 10.1039/c29710001467. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH + EtOAc
Substance:

Quinoline alkaloids (RF-00004326-PAR)
Additional substance description:

tortuosamine
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tortuosamine in unspecified part