EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Dwarf elderberry (as plant) // Sambucus ebulus L.

Family:: Adoxaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 279
Number of processed references:: 8

Compositions

#1: ebulin r1, ebulin r2 and SEAI in rhyzome #2: ebulin f in fruits #3: ebulin l in leaves #4: hydroquinone - leaves #5: furfural leaves #6: SELfd lectin from elder #7: ebulin f lectin from elder #8: benzoic acid from root #9: furfural from root #10: hydroquinone from root #11: isoestragol - leaves - essential oil #12: a-thujone - leaves - essential oil #13: piperitone - leaves - essential oil #14: eugenol - leaves - essential oil #15: verbenone - leaves - essential oil #16: methyl salicylate in fruits #17: eugenol in fruits #18: ebulin and ebulitin lectins - leaves #19: SEAII (lectin) in rhizomes

Endpoint Studies

#1: mortality in mice

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Girbes, T., Ferreras, JM., Arias, FJ., Munoz, R., Iglesias, R., Jimenez, P., Rojo, MA., Arias, Y., Perez, Y., Benitez, J., Sanchez, D., Gayoso, MJ. Non-toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) from Sambucus: Occurrence, cellular and molecular activities and potential uses . cellular and molecular biology, 2003, vol. 49, no. 4, p. 537–545. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Additional substance description:

ebulin r1, ebulin r2 and SEAI
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

ebulin r1, ebulin r2 and SEAI in rhyzome

Composition #2: Girbes, T., Ferreras, JM., Arias, FJ., Munoz, R., Iglesias, R., Jimenez, P., Rojo, MA., Arias, Y., Perez, Y., Benitez, J., Sanchez, D., Gayoso, MJ. Non-toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) from Sambucus: Occurrence, cellular and molecular activities and potential uses . cellular and molecular biology, 2003, vol. 49, no. 4, p. 537–545. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Additional substance description:

ebulin f
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

ebulin f in fruits

Composition #3: Girbes, T., Ferreras, JM., Arias, FJ., Munoz, R., Iglesias, R., Jimenez, P., Rojo, MA., Arias, Y., Perez, Y., Benitez, J., Sanchez, D., Gayoso, MJ. Non-toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) from Sambucus: Occurrence, cellular and molecular activities and potential uses . cellular and molecular biology, 2003, vol. 49, no. 4, p. 537–545. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Additional substance description:

ebulin l
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

ebulin l in leaves

Composition #4: Chirigiu, L., Chirigiu, R. G., Tircomnicu, V., Bubulica, M. V. GC-MS ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Sambucus ebulus LEAVES. chemistry of natural compounds, 2011, vol. 47, no. 1, p. 126–127. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethyl alcohol ectract
Substance:

Hydroquinone (RF-00007127-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

hydroquinone - leaves

Composition #5: Chirigiu, L., Chirigiu, R. G., Tircomnicu, V., Bubulica, M. V. GC-MS ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Sambucus ebulus LEAVES. chemistry of natural compounds, 2011, vol. 47, no. 1, p. 126–127. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethyl alcohol ectract
Substance:

Furfural (RF-1009-001-PPP)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

furfural leaves

Composition #6: Jimenez, Pilar., Tejero, Jesus., Cabrero, Patricia., Cordoba-Diaz, Damian., Girbes, Tomas. Differential sensitivity of D-galactose-binding lectins from fruits of dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus L.) to a simulated gastric fluid . food chemistry, 2013, vol. 136, no. 2, p. 794–802. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.011. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

extraction buffer (280 mM NaCl containing 5 mM sodium phosphate – pH 7.5
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Additional substance description:

SELfd
Analytical method code:

MALDI-TOFMS (F065A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

SELfd lectin from elder

Composition #7: Jimenez, Pilar., Tejero, Jesus., Cabrero, Patricia., Cordoba-Diaz, Damian., Girbes, Tomas. Differential sensitivity of D-galactose-binding lectins from fruits of dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus L.) to a simulated gastric fluid . food chemistry, 2013, vol. 136, no. 2, p. 794–802. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.011. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

extraction buffer (280 mM NaCl containing 5 mM sodium phosphate – pH 7.5
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Additional substance description:

ebulin f
Analytical method code:

MALDI-TOFMS (F065A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

ebulin f lectin from elder

Composition #8: Popescu, Raul., Chirigiu, Liviu., Bubulica, Maria-Viorica., Averis, Larisa-Marina Elisabeth. Qualitative Screening, of Secondary Metabolites from Sambucus Ebulus Roots by Multiple Analytical Techniques . revista de chimie, 2014, vol. 65, no. 2, p. 148–151. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH extract
Substance:

Benzoic acid (RF-00000052-ADD)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

benzoic acid from root

Composition #9: Popescu, Raul., Chirigiu, Liviu., Bubulica, Maria-Viorica., Averis, Larisa-Marina Elisabeth. Qualitative Screening, of Secondary Metabolites from Sambucus Ebulus Roots by Multiple Analytical Techniques . revista de chimie, 2014, vol. 65, no. 2, p. 148–151. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH extract
Substance:

Furfural (RF-1009-001-PPP)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

furfural from root

Composition #10: Popescu, Raul., Chirigiu, Liviu., Bubulica, Maria-Viorica., Averis, Larisa-Marina Elisabeth. Qualitative Screening, of Secondary Metabolites from Sambucus Ebulus Roots by Multiple Analytical Techniques . revista de chimie, 2014, vol. 65, no. 2, p. 148–151. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH extract
Substance:

Hydroquinone (RF-00007127-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

hydroquinone from root

Composition #11: Feizbakhsh, Alireza., Pazoki, Haniyeh., Mohammadrezaei, Vahid., Ebrahimzadeh, Mohammad Ali. Effect of Phytohormones on the Composition of Sambucus ebulus Leaf Essential Oil . tropical journal of pharmaceutical research, 2014, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 581–586. DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v13i4.14. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

Estragole (RF-00003806-PAR)
Additional substance description:

iso estragol
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.39
Internal remarks:

isoestragol - leaves - essential oil

Composition #12: Feizbakhsh, Alireza., Pazoki, Haniyeh., Mohammadrezaei, Vahid., Ebrahimzadeh, Mohammad Ali. Effect of Phytohormones on the Composition of Sambucus ebulus Leaf Essential Oil . tropical journal of pharmaceutical research, 2014, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 581–586. DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v13i4.14. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

alpha-thujone (RF-00003676-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.19
Internal remarks:

a-thujone - leaves - essential oil

Composition #13: Feizbakhsh, Alireza., Pazoki, Haniyeh., Mohammadrezaei, Vahid., Ebrahimzadeh, Mohammad Ali. Effect of Phytohormones on the Composition of Sambucus ebulus Leaf Essential Oil . tropical journal of pharmaceutical research, 2014, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 581–586. DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v13i4.14. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

l-Piperitone (RF-00007699-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.24
Internal remarks:

piperitone - leaves - essential oil

Composition #14: Feizbakhsh, Alireza., Pazoki, Haniyeh., Mohammadrezaei, Vahid., Ebrahimzadeh, Mohammad Ali. Effect of Phytohormones on the Composition of Sambucus ebulus Leaf Essential Oil . tropical journal of pharmaceutical research, 2014, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 581–586. DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v13i4.14. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

Eugenol (RF-00003807-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.05
Internal remarks:

eugenol - leaves - essential oil

Composition #15: Feizbakhsh, Alireza., Pazoki, Haniyeh., Mohammadrezaei, Vahid., Ebrahimzadeh, Mohammad Ali. Effect of Phytohormones on the Composition of Sambucus ebulus Leaf Essential Oil . tropical journal of pharmaceutical research, 2014, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 581–586. DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v13i4.14. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

Verbenone (RF-00010114-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.19
Internal remarks:

verbenone - leaves - essential oil

Composition #16: PRIBELA, A., DURCANSKA, J., PIRY, J., KAROVICOVA, J. VOLATILE SUBSTANCES OF DWARS ELDER (SAMBUCUS-EBULUS L) FRUITS. biologia, 1992, vol. 47, no. 3, p. 225–230. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

destillating-extractive method
Substance:

methyl salicylate (RF-00003930-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1-10
Internal remarks:

methyl salicylate in fruits

Composition #17: PRIBELA, A., DURCANSKA, J., PIRY, J., KAROVICOVA, J. VOLATILE SUBSTANCES OF DWARS ELDER (SAMBUCUS-EBULUS L) FRUITS. biologia, 1992, vol. 47, no. 3, p. 225–230. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

destillating-extractive method
Substance:

Eugenol (RF-00003807-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

26.8
Internal remarks:

eugenol in fruits

Composition #18: DEBENITO, FM., CITORES, L., IGLESIAS, R., FERRERAS, JM., SORIANO, F., ARIAS, J., MENDEZ, E., GIRBES, T. EBULITINS - A NEW FAMILY OF TYPE-1 RIBOSOME-INACTIVATING PROTEINS (RIBOSOMAL-RNA N-GLYCOSIDASES) FROM LEAVES OF SAMBUCUS-EBULUS L THAT COEXIST WITH THE TYPE-2 RIBOSOME-INACTIVATING PROTEIN EBULIN-1 . febs letters, 1995, vol. 360, no. 3, p. 299–302. DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00130-2. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

size exclusion chromatography
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Additional substance description:

ebulin and ebulitin
Analytical method code:

Gel electrophoresis (F076A)
Analytical method - additional description:

SDS-PAGE
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

ebulin and ebulitin lectins - leaves

Composition #19: Citores, L., DeBenito, FM., Iglesias, R., Ferreras, JM., Argueso, P., Jimenez, P., Testera, A., Camafeita, E., Mendez, E., Girbes, T. Characterization of a new non-toxic two-chain ribosome-inactivating protein and a structurally-related lectin from rhizomes of dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus L) . cellular and molecular biology, 1997, vol. 43, no. 4, p. 485–499. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Additional substance description:

SEAII
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

SEAII (lectin) in rhizomes

Endpoint study #1: Jimenez, Pilar., Tejero, Jesus., Cabrero, Patricia., Cordoba-Diaz, Damian., Girbes, Tomas. Differential sensitivity of D-galactose-binding lectins from fruits of dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus L.) to a simulated gastric fluid . food chemistry, 2013, vol. 136, no. 2, p. 794–802. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.011. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Lectins (RF-00000439-ORG)
Additional plant/substance description:

ebulin f and SELfd
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

14
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Lethal dose rate in 50% of experimental organisms (CHD029EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

5
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Stomach (TT027A)
Effect description:

In order to explain the oral toxicity of ebulin f it must be assumed that before it is hydrolyzed some molecules bind to and damage the gastric mucosa and perhaps enter the blood stream to trigger toxicity, leading to death
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

mortality in mice