EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Salvadora persica L.

Family:: Salvadoraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 668
Number of processed references:: 9

Compositions

#1: glucotropaeolin in roots #2: malvalic acid in the seed oil #3: sterculic acid in the seed oil #4: cardiac glycosides in roots and branches #5: alkaloids in roots and branches #6: Quinones in leaves #7: alkaloids in leaves #8: coumarins in leaves #9: Ledol in leaves #10: tannin in fruits #11: eugenol in leaves #12: syringin in the stem #13: liriodendrin in the stem

Endpoint Studies

#1: adverse effects on reproduction and fertility of female mice #2: adverse effects on reproduction and fertility of male mice

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Ezmirly, Saleh T., Seif El-Nasr, Medhat M. Isolation of glucotropaeolin from Salvadora persica L. journal of the chemical society of pakistan, 1981, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 9–12. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Substance:

glucotropaeolin (RF-00010868-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

glucotropaeolin in roots

Composition #2: Hosamani, K. M., Pattanashettar, R. S. Salvadora persica seed oil: A rich source of oil and minor source of cyclopropenoid fatty acids. . journal of medicinal and aromatic plant sciences, 2002, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 713–715. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

seed oil
Substance:

malvalic acid malvalic acid (RF-00010853-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV, FTIR
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

7.8
Internal remarks:

malvalic acid in the seed oil

Composition #3: Hosamani, K. M., Pattanashettar, R. S. Salvadora persica seed oil: A rich source of oil and minor source of cyclopropenoid fatty acids. . journal of medicinal and aromatic plant sciences, 2002, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 713–715. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Additional extraction description:

seed oil
Substance:

sterculic acid sterculic acid (RF-00010848-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV, FTIR
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.5
Internal remarks:

sterculic acid in the seed oil

Composition #4: Mariita, R.M., Ogol, C.K.P.O., Oguge, N.O., Okemo, P.O. Antitubercular and phytochemical investigation of methanol extracts of medicinal plants used by the samburu community in Kenya. tropical journal of pharmaceutical research, 2010, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 379–385. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Keller-Killani test
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cardiac glycosides in roots and branches

Composition #5: Mariita, R.M., Ogol, C.K.P.O., Oguge, N.O., Okemo, P.O. Antitubercular and phytochemical investigation of methanol extracts of medicinal plants used by the samburu community in Kenya. tropical journal of pharmaceutical research, 2010, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 379–385. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Wagner’s method
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids in roots and branches

Composition #6: Bansode, T.S., Salalkar, B.K. Phytochemical analysis of some selected Indian medicinal plants. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2015, vol. 6, no. 1, p. P550–P556. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hot water
Substance:

Quinones (RF-00010832-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Quinones in leaves

Composition #7: Bansode, T.S., Salalkar, B.K. Phytochemical analysis of some selected Indian medicinal plants. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2015, vol. 6, no. 1, p. P550–P556. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hot water
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids in leaves

Composition #8: Bansode, T.S., Salalkar, B.K. Phytochemical analysis of some selected Indian medicinal plants. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2015, vol. 6, no. 1, p. P550–P556. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hot water
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

coumarins in leaves

Composition #9: Reema, B., Detroja, D., Pandya, R.V., Tank, J.G. Salvadora persica: A potential source for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. plant archives, 2017, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 955–960. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

(-)-globulol (RF-00003756-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Ledol
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Ledol in leaves

Composition #10: Gupta, Mradu., Shaw, B P., Mukherjee, A. A new glycosidic flavonoid from Jwarhar mahakashay (antipyretic) Ayurvedic preparation. . international journal of ayurveda research, 2010, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 106–11. DOI: 10.4103/0974-7788.64401. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tannin in fruits

Composition #11: Alali, F., Al-Lafi, T. GC-MS analysis and bioactivity testing of the volatile oil from the leaves of the toothbrush tree Salvadora persica L. . natural product research, 2003, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 189–194. DOI: 10.1080/1057563021000040790. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

Eugenol (RF-00003807-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

10.49
Internal remarks:

eugenol in leaves

Composition #12: KAMEL, MS., OHTANI, K., ASSAF, MH., KASAI, R., ELSHANAWANI, MA., YAMASAKI, K., ALI, AA., TANAKA, O. LIGNAN GLYCOSIDES FROM STEMS OF SALVADORA-PERSICA. phytochemistry, 1992, vol. 31, no. 7, p. 2469–2471. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(92)83301-E. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Eleutheroside B (RF-00011069-PAR)
Additional substance description:

syringin
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

syringin in the stem

Composition #13: KAMEL, MS., OHTANI, K., ASSAF, MH., KASAI, R., ELSHANAWANI, MA., YAMASAKI, K., ALI, AA., TANAKA, O. LIGNAN GLYCOSIDES FROM STEMS OF SALVADORA-PERSICA. phytochemistry, 1992, vol. 31, no. 7, p. 2469–2471. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(92)83301-E. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Liriodendrin (RF-00011085-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

liriodendrin in the stem

Endpoint study #1: Darmani H., Al-Hiyasat A S., Elbetieha A M., Alkofahi A. The effect of an extract of Salvadora persica (Meswak, chewing stick) on fertility of male and female mice. phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2003, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 63–5. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Wood (as part-nature) (A166P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Limit test:

No
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

30.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent no treatment
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

800
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Ovaries (TT047A)
Effect description:

There was a significant decrease in the relative ovary weight (p < 0.05) and an increase in the uterine weights (p < 0.005) in test females.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

adverse effects on reproduction and fertility of female mice

Endpoint study #2: Darmani H., Al-Hiyasat A S., Elbetieha A M., Alkofahi A. The effect of an extract of Salvadora persica (Meswak, chewing stick) on fertility of male and female mice. phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2003, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 63–5. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Wood (as part-nature) (A166P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Limit test:

No
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

30.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent no treatment
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

800
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Testes (TT050A)
Effect description:

A significant increase in the relative weights of the testes (p < 0.05) and preputial glands (p < 0.005). Also, the number of pregnancies in females impregnated by test males was significantly lower than those impregnated by the control males.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

adverse effects on reproduction and fertility of male mice