EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Rubia cordifolia L.

Family:: Rubiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1065
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: lucidin #2: Cardiac glycosides in roots #3: phenols in roots #4: alkaloids in roots #5: tannins in roots #6: juglones in roots #7: menthol in essential oil from roots #8: methyleugenol in essential oil from roots #9: eugenol in essential oil from roots #10: myristicin in essential oil from roots #11: sterols in stem #12: cardiac glycosides in stem #13: anthraquinones glycosides in stem #14: tannins in stem #15: Phenolics in stem

Endpoint Studies

#1: abortion effect #2: changes in Alanine transaminase (ALT), total protein, triglycerides, glucose levels and histopathological changes of liver #3: changes in creatinine level and histopathological changes of kidneys

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Si, Nan., Yang, Jian., Wang, Hong-jie., Li, Peng-yue., Bian, Bao-lin., He, Xi-rong. HPLC Study on Rubia cordifolia L. contains toxic compositions of Lucidin and Lucidin-3-O-primeveroside. zhongguo shiyan fangjixue zazhi, 2010, vol. 16, no. 6, p. 88–90. .

Language:

English (en)
Substance:

lucidin (RF-00003909-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

lucidin

Composition #2: Rekha, S., Parvathi, A. Evaluation of phytochemical constituents of the roots of licorice, Indian ginseng, Indian madder and Indian Sarsaparilla. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2012, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 357–362. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 80%
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardiac glycosides in roots

Composition #3: Rekha, S., Parvathi, A. Evaluation of phytochemical constituents of the roots of licorice, Indian ginseng, Indian madder and Indian Sarsaparilla. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2012, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 357–362. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 80%
Substance:

Phenolic compounds Phenolic compounds (RF-00000010-ORG)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.17
Internal remarks:

phenols in roots

Composition #4: Rekha, S., Parvathi, A. Evaluation of phytochemical constituents of the roots of licorice, Indian ginseng, Indian madder and Indian Sarsaparilla. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2012, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 357–362. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 80%
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.65
Internal remarks:

alkaloids in roots

Composition #5: Rekha, S., Parvathi, A. Evaluation of phytochemical constituents of the roots of licorice, Indian ginseng, Indian madder and Indian Sarsaparilla. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2012, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 357–362. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 80%
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.52
Internal remarks:

tannins in roots

Composition #6: Rekha, S., Parvathi, A. Evaluation of phytochemical constituents of the roots of licorice, Indian ginseng, Indian madder and Indian Sarsaparilla. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2012, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 357–362. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 80%
Substance:

juglone (RF-00003889-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

juglones in roots

Composition #7: Miyazawa, M., Kawata, J. Identification of the Key Aroma Compounds in Dried Roots of Rubia cordifolia. journal of oleo science, 2006, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 37–39. DOI: 10.5650/jos.55.37. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Hydrodistillation
Substance:

Menthol (RF-00008951-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.7
Internal remarks:

menthol in essential oil from roots

Composition #8: Miyazawa, M., Kawata, J. Identification of the Key Aroma Compounds in Dried Roots of Rubia cordifolia. journal of oleo science, 2006, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 37–39. DOI: 10.5650/jos.55.37. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Hydrodistillation
Substance:

methyleugenol (RF-00003931-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.2
Internal remarks:

methyleugenol in essential oil from roots

Composition #9: Miyazawa, M., Kawata, J. Identification of the Key Aroma Compounds in Dried Roots of Rubia cordifolia. journal of oleo science, 2006, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 37–39. DOI: 10.5650/jos.55.37. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Hydrodistillation
Substance:

Eugenol (RF-00003807-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

12.7
Internal remarks:

eugenol in essential oil from roots

Composition #10: Miyazawa, M., Kawata, J. Identification of the Key Aroma Compounds in Dried Roots of Rubia cordifolia. journal of oleo science, 2006, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 37–39. DOI: 10.5650/jos.55.37. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Hydrodistillation
Substance:

myristicin (RF-00003941-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.0
Internal remarks:

myristicin in essential oil from roots

Composition #11: Kinjal, Shah M., Dipal, Thumar D., Devang, Pandya J. Quality control parameters to detect adulteration of market samples of Indian Manjistha by Irani Manjistha . indian journal of traditional knowledge, 2014, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 331–334. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous and alcoholic
Substance:

sterols, total sterols, total (RF-00000402-NTR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Salkowski test, Libermenn Buchardt test, Legal´s test
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

sterols in stem

Composition #12: Kinjal, Shah M., Dipal, Thumar D., Devang, Pandya J. Quality control parameters to detect adulteration of market samples of Indian Manjistha by Irani Manjistha . indian journal of traditional knowledge, 2014, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 331–334. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous and alcoholic
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Baljet test
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cardiac glycosides in stem

Composition #13: Kinjal, Shah M., Dipal, Thumar D., Devang, Pandya J. Quality control parameters to detect adulteration of market samples of Indian Manjistha by Irani Manjistha . indian journal of traditional knowledge, 2014, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 331–334. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous and alcoholic
Substance:

anthraquinones (RF-00004343-PAR)
Additional substance description:

anthraquinones glycosides
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Analytical method - additional description:

modified Borntrager test
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.02
Internal remarks:

anthraquinones glycosides in stem

Composition #14: Kinjal, Shah M., Dipal, Thumar D., Devang, Pandya J. Quality control parameters to detect adulteration of market samples of Indian Manjistha by Irani Manjistha . indian journal of traditional knowledge, 2014, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 331–334. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous and alcoholic
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Ferric chloride test
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

20.0
Internal remarks:

tannins in stem

Composition #15: Kinjal, Shah M., Dipal, Thumar D., Devang, Pandya J. Quality control parameters to detect adulteration of market samples of Indian Manjistha by Irani Manjistha . indian journal of traditional knowledge, 2014, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 331–334. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous and alcoholic
Substance:

Phenolic compounds Phenolic compounds (RF-00000010-ORG)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Folin ciocalteu test
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Phenolics in stem

Endpoint study #1: Rasch, V., Sørensen, P.H., Wang, A.R., Tibazarwa, F., Jger, A.K. Unsafe abortion in rural Tanzania - The use of traditional medicine from a patient and a provider perspective. bmc pregnancy and childbirth, 2014, vol. 14, no. 1 . DOI: 10.1186/s12884-014-0419-6. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

unspecified
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Uterus (TT052A)
Effect description:

increased force and frequency of uterine contraction
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

abortion effect

Endpoint study #2: Anantharaman, Amrita., Priya, Rajendra Rao., Hemachandran, Hridya., Akella, Sivaramakrishna., Rajasekaran, Chandrasekaran., Ganesh, Jai., Fulzele, Devanand P., Siva, Ramamoorthy. Toxicity study of dibutyl phthalate of Rubia cordifolia fruits: in vivo and in silico analysis . environmental toxicology, 2016, vol. 31, no. 9, p. 1059–1067. DOI: 10.1002/tox.22115. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol 100%
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Guideline used:

According to
Guideline:

OTHER GUIDELINE (OECD2246PL)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

14.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

100
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

increased alanine transaminase (ALT), total protein, triglycerides, decreased glucose, vacuolar degenerative changes in hepatocytes of liver
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

changes in Alanine transaminase (ALT), total protein, triglycerides, glucose levels and histopathological changes of liver

Endpoint study #3: Anantharaman, Amrita., Priya, Rajendra Rao., Hemachandran, Hridya., Akella, Sivaramakrishna., Rajasekaran, Chandrasekaran., Ganesh, Jai., Fulzele, Devanand P., Siva, Ramamoorthy. Toxicity study of dibutyl phthalate of Rubia cordifolia fruits: in vivo and in silico analysis . environmental toxicology, 2016, vol. 31, no. 9, p. 1059–1067. DOI: 10.1002/tox.22115. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol 100%
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Guideline used:

According to
Guideline:

OTHER GUIDELINE (OECD2246PL)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

14.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

500
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

increased creatinine level,mild degenerative changes in the renal tubular epithelial cells
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

changes in creatinine level and histopathological changes of kidneys