EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Rhamnus cathartica L.

Family:: Rhamnaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 453
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: alkaloids in root bark #2: antracene derivatives in fruits #3: madagascin in fruits #4: emodin in fruits

Endpoint Studies

#1: hepatocellular swelling, deposits of glycogen

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Hultin, E., Torssell, K. Alkaloid-screening of swedish plants. phytochemistry, 1965, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 425–433. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

10
Internal remarks:

alkaloids in root bark

Composition #2: Shmygareva, A.A., Kurkin, V.A., Sankov, A.N. Validated high-performance liquid chromatography method for quantitative determination of anthracene derivatives in decoction, syrup and water-alcohol extract of Rhamnus cathartica L. fruits. international journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemical research, 2016, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 683–685. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol 40%
Substance:

anthracene derivatives (RF-00004342-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.31-0.37
Internal remarks:

antracene derivatives in fruits

Composition #3: Epifano, Francesco., Genovese, Salvatore., Kremer, Dario., Randic, Marco., Carlucci, Giuseppe., Locatelli, Marcello. Re-investigation of the Anthraquinone Pool of Rhamnus spp.: Madagascin from the Fruits of Rhamnus cathartica and R. intermedia . natural product communications, 2012, vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1029–1032. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

anthraquinones (RF-00004343-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Madagascin
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

14.3
Internal remarks:

madagascin in fruits

Composition #4: Epifano, Francesco., Genovese, Salvatore., Kremer, Dario., Randic, Marco., Carlucci, Giuseppe., Locatelli, Marcello. Re-investigation of the Anthraquinone Pool of Rhamnus spp.: Madagascin from the Fruits of Rhamnus cathartica and R. intermedia . natural product communications, 2012, vol. 7, no. 8, p. 1029–1032. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Emodin (RF-00003798-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

585.6
Internal remarks:

emodin in fruits

Endpoint study #1: Lichtensteiger, CA., Johnston, NA., Beasley, VR. Rhamnus cathartica (Buckthorn) hepatocellular toxicity in mice. toxicologic pathology, 1997, vol. 25, no. 5, p. 449–452. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Drying (dehydration) (A07KG)
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Balb/c (CHD002ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

34.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

4
Control groups used:

yes, plain diet
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Percent (G138A)
Effect concentration:

5
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

hepatocellular swelling, deposits of monoparticulate glycogen in the cytoplasm
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

hepatocellular swelling, deposits of glycogen