EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Pomegranate (as plant) // Punica granatum L.

Family:: Lythraceae (Punicaceae)
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 8890
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: ellagitannins (flower) #2: pelletierine in fruit #3: pyridine alkaloids (N-methylpelletierine) in fruit #4: pseudopelletierine in fruit #5: Alkaloids (seeds) #6: Saponins (seeds) #7: Tannins (seeds) #8: gallic acid (fruit peel)

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

#1: An ethanol extract of the whole fruit was mutagenic in Ames test (TA-100 strain) #2: Whole fruit of PG was mutagenic in diploid D7 yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerviciae) #3: An ethanol extract of the whole fruit caused a dose-dependent increase in sisters chromatid exchanges in CHO cells

Composition #1: Yuan, Tao., Ding, Yuanqing., Wan, Chunpeng., Li, Liya., Xu, Jialin., Liu, Ke., Slitt, Angela., Ferreira, Daneel., Khan, Ikhlas A., Seeram, Navindra P. Antidiabetic Ellagitannins from Pomegranate Flowers: Inhibition of alpha-Glucosidase and Lipogenic Gene Expression. organic letters, 2012, vol. 14, no. 20, p. 5358–5361. DOI: 10.1021/ol302548c. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Ellagitannins (hydrolysable tannins) Ellagitannins (hydrolysable tannins) (RF-00004379-PAR)
Additional substance description:

punicatannins A and B
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Silica gel chromatography
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

ellagitannins (flower)

Composition #2: Chang, Qing., Peng, Yue'e., Dan, Conghui., Shuai, Qin., Hu, Shenghong. Rapid in Situ Identification of Bioactive Compounds in Plants by in Vivo Nanospray High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2015, vol. 63, no. 11, p. 2911–2918. DOI: 10.1021/jf505749n. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

pelletierine (RF-00003982-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HR-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pelletierine in fruit

Composition #3: Chang, Qing., Peng, Yue'e., Dan, Conghui., Shuai, Qin., Hu, Shenghong. Rapid in Situ Identification of Bioactive Compounds in Plants by in Vivo Nanospray High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2015, vol. 63, no. 11, p. 2911–2918. DOI: 10.1021/jf505749n. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

pyridine alkaloids (RF-00010801-PAR)
Additional substance description:

N-methylpelletierine
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HR-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pyridine alkaloids (N-methylpelletierine) in fruit

Composition #4: Chang, Qing., Peng, Yue'e., Dan, Conghui., Shuai, Qin., Hu, Shenghong. Rapid in Situ Identification of Bioactive Compounds in Plants by in Vivo Nanospray High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2015, vol. 63, no. 11, p. 2911–2918. DOI: 10.1021/jf505749n. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

pseudopelletierine (RF-00004014-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HR-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pseudopelletierine in fruit

Composition #5: Mehrzadi, Saeed., Sadr, Samira., Hosseinzadeh, Azam., Gholamine, Babak., Shahbazi, Ali., FallahHuseini, Hasan., Ghaznavi, Habib. Anticonvulsant activity of the ethanolic extract of Punica granatum L. seed. neurological research, 2015, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 470–475. DOI: 10.1179/1743132814Y.0000000460. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids (seeds)

Composition #6: Mehrzadi, Saeed., Sadr, Samira., Hosseinzadeh, Azam., Gholamine, Babak., Shahbazi, Ali., FallahHuseini, Hasan., Ghaznavi, Habib. Anticonvulsant activity of the ethanolic extract of Punica granatum L. seed. neurological research, 2015, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 470–475. DOI: 10.1179/1743132814Y.0000000460. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins (seeds)

Composition #7: Mehrzadi, Saeed., Sadr, Samira., Hosseinzadeh, Azam., Gholamine, Babak., Shahbazi, Ali., FallahHuseini, Hasan., Ghaznavi, Habib. Anticonvulsant activity of the ethanolic extract of Punica granatum L. seed. neurological research, 2015, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 470–475. DOI: 10.1179/1743132814Y.0000000460. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tannins (seeds)

Composition #8: Kuhn, Andrielle Wouters., Tedesco, Marilia., Boligon, Aline Augusti., Athayde, Margareth Linde., Laughinghouse, Haywood Dail., Tedesco, Solange Bosio. Chromatographic analysis and antiproliferative potential of aqueous extracts of Punica granatum fruit peels using the Allium cepa test. brazilian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2015, vol. 51, no. 1, p. 241–248. DOI: 10.1590/S1984-82502015000100024. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit peel (as part-nature) (A067G)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous
Substance:

gallic acid (RF-00003821-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC-DAD
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.36-2.71
Internal remarks:

gallic acid (fruit peel)

Genotox #1: Sanchez-Lamar, Angel., Fonseca, Gladys., Fuentes, Jorge Luis., Cozzi, Renata., Cundari, Enrico., Fiore, Mario., Ricordy, Ruggero., Perticone, Paolo., Degrassi, Francesca., De Salvia, Rosella. Assessment of the genotoxic risk of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) whole fruit extracts. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2008, vol. 115, no. 3, p. 416–422. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.011. [DOI link]

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 100 (CHD024ST)
Sex:

No data
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

with and without
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

An ethanolic extract of the whole fruit , showed an increased number of revertants in Ames test ( S. typhimurium (TA-100 strain) in the absence and in presence of rat liver S9
Internal remarks:

An ethanol extract of the whole fruit was mutagenic in Ames test (TA-100 strain)
Internal ID:

WOS:000252749300006

Genotox #2: Sanchez-Lamar, Angel., Fonseca, Gladys., Fuentes, Jorge Luis., Cozzi, Renata., Cundari, Enrico., Fiore, Mario., Ricordy, Ruggero., Perticone, Paolo., Degrassi, Francesca., De Salvia, Rosella. Assessment of the genotoxic risk of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) whole fruit extracts. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2008, vol. 115, no. 3, p. 416–422. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.011. [DOI link]

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CHD037TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (as organism) (A0CPH)
Strain of test organism:

D7 (CHD063ST)
Sex:

No data
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

with and without
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

An ethanolic extract of the whole fruit showed reverse mutation frequency increased in diploid D7 yeast cells with and without S9
Internal remarks:

Whole fruit of PG was mutagenic in diploid D7 yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerviciae)
Internal ID:

WOS:000252749300006

Genotox #3: Sanchez-Lamar, Angel., Fonseca, Gladys., Fuentes, Jorge Luis., Cozzi, Renata., Cundari, Enrico., Fiore, Mario., Ricordy, Ruggero., Perticone, Paolo., Degrassi, Francesca., De Salvia, Rosella. Assessment of the genotoxic risk of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) whole fruit extracts. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2008, vol. 115, no. 3, p. 416–422. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.011. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test (CHD032TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Other (A07XE)
Strain of test organism:

CHO (CHD034ST)
Sex:

Female
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

without
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

chromosome aberration
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

An ethanolic extract of the whole fruit caused a dose-dependent increase in sisters chromatid exchanges in CHO cells
Internal remarks:

An ethanol extract of the whole fruit caused a dose-dependent increase in sisters chromatid exchanges in CHO cells
Internal ID:

WOS:000252749300006