EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Almonds (as plant) // Amygdalus communis L. // Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb // Prunus dulcis var. amara

Family:: Rosaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 7876
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: amygdalin - almond flour #2: amygdalin - almond milk #3: HCN - almonds #4: amygalin in seed #5: hydrocyanic acid in almonds #6: cyanide in seed #7: cyanide in leaves #8: cyanide in root #9: amygdalin in kernels #10: amygdalin in kernel #11: prunasin in leaf, petiole, endosperm and cotyledon in methanol

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Bolarinwa, Islamiyat F., Orfila, Caroline., Morgan, Michael R. A. Development and application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantification of amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside, in food. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2014, vol. 62, no. 27, p. 6299–6305. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional extraction description:

almond powder
Substance:

amygdalin (RF-00003680-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (F080A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.03-0.05
Internal remarks:

amygdalin - almond flour

Composition #2: Bolarinwa, Islamiyat F., Orfila, Caroline., Morgan, Michael R. A. Development and application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantification of amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside, in food. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2014, vol. 62, no. 27, p. 6299–6305. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

almond milk
Substance:

amygdalin (RF-00003680-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (F080A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.049-73
Internal remarks:

amygdalin - almond milk

Composition #3: Chaouali, Nadia., Gana, Ines., Dorra, Amira., Khelifi, Fathia., Nouioui, Anouer., Masri, Wafa., Belwaer, Ines., Ghorbel, Hayet., Hedhili, Abderazzek. Potential toxic levels of cyanide in almonds (Prunus amygdalus), apricot kernels (Prunus armeniaca), and almond syrup. isrn toxicology, 2013, vol. 610648/1-610648/7, p. 7 pp.. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acid hydrolysis
Substance:

Hydrocyanic acid (RF-00000333-TOX)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

argentonometric
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

16.2-1193.4
Internal remarks:

HCN - almonds

Composition #4: Bolarinwa, Islamiyat Folashade., Olaniyan, Sulaiman Adebisi., Olatunde, Sogo James., Ayandokun, Feyisayo Temilade., Olaifa, Ifasegun Alade. Effect of processing on amygdalin and cyanide contents of some Nigerian foods. journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research, 2016, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 106–113. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

amygdalin (RF-00003680-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UV/VIS spectroscopy (photometry) (F009A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.78-4.22
Internal remarks:

amygalin in seed

Composition #5: Cressey, P., Saunders, D., Goodman, J. Cyanogenic glycosides in plant-based foods available in New Zealand. food additives and contaminants - part a chemistry, analysis, control, exposure and risk assessment, 2013, vol. 30, no. 11, p. 1946–1953. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.825819. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acid hydrolysis
Substance:

Hydrocyanic acid (RF-00000333-TOX)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.8-12.4
Internal remarks:

hydrocyanic acid in almonds

Composition #6: Berenguer-Navarro, V., Giner-Galvan, RM., Grane-Teruel, N., Arrazola-Paternina, G. Chromatographic determination of cyanoglycosides prunasin and amygdalin in plant extracts using a porous graphitic carbon column. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2002, vol. 50, no. 24, p. 6960–6963. DOI: 10.1021/jf0256081. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Substance:

Cyanide (RF-00000021-CHE)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.01-207
Internal remarks:

cyanide in seed

Composition #7: Berenguer-Navarro, V., Giner-Galvan, RM., Grane-Teruel, N., Arrazola-Paternina, G. Chromatographic determination of cyanoglycosides prunasin and amygdalin in plant extracts using a porous graphitic carbon column. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2002, vol. 50, no. 24, p. 6960–6963. DOI: 10.1021/jf0256081. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Substance:

Cyanide (RF-00000021-CHE)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

8-54
Internal remarks:

cyanide in leaves

Composition #8: Berenguer-Navarro, V., Giner-Galvan, RM., Grane-Teruel, N., Arrazola-Paternina, G. Chromatographic determination of cyanoglycosides prunasin and amygdalin in plant extracts using a porous graphitic carbon column. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2002, vol. 50, no. 24, p. 6960–6963. DOI: 10.1021/jf0256081. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Substance:

Cyanide (RF-00000021-CHE)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

48-361
Internal remarks:

cyanide in root

Composition #9: Ferrara, G., Maggio, P., Pizzigallo, M. D. R. Cyanogenic D-amygdalin contents of the kernels of cultivated almonds and wild Amygdalus webbii Spach. journal of horticultural science & biotechnology, 2010, vol. 85, no. 5, p. 410–414. DOI: 10.1080/14620316.2010.11512689. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

kernels in methanol
Substance:

amygdalin (RF-00003680-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0-23025
Internal remarks:

amygdalin in kernels

Composition #10: Sanchez-Perez, R., Moller, B. Lindberg., Olsen, C. E., Dicenta, F., Espiau, MT., Alonso, JM. Cyanogenic Glucoside Patterns in Sweet and Bitter Almonds. xii eucarpia symposium on fruit breeding and genetics, 2009, vol. 814, p. 481–485. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

kernel in methanol
Substance:

amygdalin (RF-00003680-PAR)
Analytical method code:

LC-MS (F026A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

amygdalin in kernel

Composition #11: Sanchez-Perez, R., Moller, B. Lindberg., Olsen, C. E., Dicenta, F., Espiau, MT., Alonso, JM. Cyanogenic Glucoside Patterns in Sweet and Bitter Almonds. xii eucarpia symposium on fruit breeding and genetics, 2009, vol. 814, p. 481–485. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

leaf, petiole, endosperm and cotyledon in methanol
Substance:

prunasin (RF-00004011-PAR)
Analytical method code:

LC-MS (F026A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

prunasin in leaf, petiole, endosperm and cotyledon in methanol