EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Purslane (as plant) // Portulaca oleracea L.

Family:: Portulacaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 3420
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: Cyanogenic glycosides in unspecified part #2: alkaloids in whole plant #3: saponins in whole plant #4: tannins in whole plant #5: Nitrate in leaves #6: oxalic acid in leaves #7: dopamine in seeds #8: dopamine in leaves

Endpoint Studies

#1: Anti implementation activity in female rats #2: anti-fertility effect among male rats #3: Neurological toxicity in mice #4: Lethal dose in mice #5: cardiovascular and respiratory adverse events #6: neurological adverse events

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Cho, Hye-Jeon., Do, Byung-Kyung., Shim, Soon-Mi., Kwon, Hoonjeong., Lee, Dong-Ha., Nah, Ahn-Hee., Choi, Youn-Ju., Lee, Sook-Yeon. Determination of cyanogenic compunds in edible plants by ion chromatography. toxicological research (seoul, republic of korea), 2013, vol. 29, no. 2, p. 143–147. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

phosphoric acid + sulfuric acid
Substance:

Cyanogenic glycosides (RF-00004375-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1013.39 - 1371.85
Internal remarks:

Cyanogenic glycosides in unspecified part

Composition #2: Shafi, S., Tabassum, N. Acute oral toxicity and hypoglycaemic study of ethanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea (whole plant) in swiss albino mice. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2013, vol. 5, no. SUPPL.4, p. 389–393. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol (whole plant)
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids in whole plant

Composition #3: Shafi, S., Tabassum, N. Acute oral toxicity and hypoglycaemic study of ethanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea (whole plant) in swiss albino mice. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2013, vol. 5, no. SUPPL.4, p. 389–393. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol (whole plant)
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

saponins in whole plant

Composition #4: Shafi, S., Tabassum, N. Acute oral toxicity and hypoglycaemic study of ethanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea (whole plant) in swiss albino mice. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2013, vol. 5, no. SUPPL.4, p. 389–393. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol (whole plant)
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tannins in whole plant

Composition #5: Guil, JL., Rodriguez-Garcia, I., Torija, E. Nutritional and toxic factors in selected wild edible plants. plant foods for human nutrition, 1997, vol. 51, no. 2, p. 99–107. DOI: 10.1023/A:1007988815888. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

2,4 phenol-disolfonic acid
Substance:

Nitrate (RF-00000085-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

spectrophotometry
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

319
Internal remarks:

Nitrate in leaves

Composition #6: Guil, JL., Rodriguez-Garcia, I., Torija, E. Nutritional and toxic factors in selected wild edible plants. plant foods for human nutrition, 1997, vol. 51, no. 2, p. 99–107. DOI: 10.1023/A:1007988815888. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

distilled water
Substance:

oxalic acid (RF-00000356-NTR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

spectrophotometry
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

770
Internal remarks:

oxalic acid in leaves

Composition #7: Mirabzadeh, Mehran., Sahraee, Zahra., Rahimi, Roja. Evaluation of adverse events reported in Traditional Iranian Medicine following administration of aqueous extract of Herba Portulacae Oleraceae seed . journal of traditional chinese medicine, 2013, vol. 33, no. 4, p. 535–537. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous extract
Substance:

dopamine (RF-00000076-NTR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.054
Internal remarks:

dopamine in seeds

Composition #8: Mirabzadeh, Mehran., Sahraee, Zahra., Rahimi, Roja. Evaluation of adverse events reported in Traditional Iranian Medicine following administration of aqueous extract of Herba Portulacae Oleraceae seed . journal of traditional chinese medicine, 2013, vol. 33, no. 4, p. 535–537. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous extract
Substance:

dopamine (RF-00000076-NTR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.074
Internal remarks:

dopamine in leaves

Endpoint study #1: Londonkar, R., Nayaka, H.B. Evaluation of anti implantation and abortificient properties of Portulaca oleracea L. In albino rats. international journal of pharma and bio sciences, 2011, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 501–508. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

petroleum ether or chloroform or ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

7.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

250 - 500
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

Urogenital (TT006A)
Effect description:

From 20% to 60% reduction in implantation activity at low and high doses of extracts
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Anti implementation activity in female rats

Endpoint study #2: Oyedeji, K.O., Bolarinwa, A.F., Adegoke, A.O. Evaluation of antifertility and teratogenic effects of chromatographic fractions of Portulaca oleracea in male and female albino rats. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2013, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 440–444. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

50.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

3
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Effect description:

Cohabitation of 50 days fraction 1 to fraction 5 treated male rats and untreated female rats for four weeks produced no positive mating,
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

anti-fertility effect among male rats

Endpoint study #3: Shafi, S., Tabassum, N. Acute oral toxicity and hypoglycaemic study of ethanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea (whole plant) in swiss albino mice. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2013, vol. 5, no. SUPPL.4, p. 389–393. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol (whole plant)
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Exposure duration:

72.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Endpoint measured:

Effect concentration 50% organisms show adverse effect (CHD016EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

500
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

Sedation, Respiratory arrest, Convulsions, Motor Activity decrease 48 hours 50 % of animals in the dose range of 500 mg/kg b.w (OECD 423)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Neurological toxicity in mice

Endpoint study #4: Shafi, S., Tabassum, N. Acute oral toxicity and hypoglycaemic study of ethanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea (whole plant) in swiss albino mice. international journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 2013, vol. 5, no. SUPPL.4, p. 389–393. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol (whole plant)
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Exposure duration:

72.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Endpoint measured:

Dose producing lethality in 50% of experimental organisms (CHD024EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

500
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Effect description:

50 % of animals died at the dose of 500 mg/kg b.w after 72 hours while 100 % of animals in the dose range of 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/kg b.w died after 24 hours.(OECD 423)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Lethal dose in mice

Endpoint study #5: Mirabzadeh, Mehran., Sahraee, Zahra., Rahimi, Roja. Evaluation of adverse events reported in Traditional Iranian Medicine following administration of aqueous extract of Herba Portulacae Oleraceae seed . journal of traditional chinese medicine, 2013, vol. 33, no. 4, p. 535–537. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

aqueous extract
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Respiratory (TT005A)
Effect description:

tachycardia, anxiety and severe nausea
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

cardiovascular and respiratory adverse events

Endpoint study #6: Mirabzadeh, Mehran., Sahraee, Zahra., Rahimi, Roja. Evaluation of adverse events reported in Traditional Iranian Medicine following administration of aqueous extract of Herba Portulacae Oleraceae seed . journal of traditional chinese medicine, 2013, vol. 33, no. 4, p. 535–537. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

aqueous extract
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Respiratory (TT005A)
Effect description:

itching and tingling of whole body, anxiety and severe nausea
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

neurological adverse events