EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Plumbago zeylanica L.

Family:: Plumbaginaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 992
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: plumbagin,roots, HPTLC #2: plumbagin,roots, HPTLC #3: coumarins, roots, HPLC (seselin, 5-methoxyseselin, suberosin, xanthyletin and xanthoxyletin) #4: plumbagin acid glucosides, roots, NMR #5: naphtoquininones, roots, HPLC (chitranone, maritinone, elliptinone and isoshinanolone) #6: cardiac glycosides, roots, phytochemical screening #7: saponins, roots, phytochemical screening

Endpoint Studies

#1: mortality, 2000mg/kg, rats, OECD 425 #2: hepatic and renal congestion, increased liver, adrenal, heart weight, rats, OECD 407 #3: plumbagin, LD 50 significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes

Genotoxicity

#1: significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, swiss albino #2: DNA damage at 0.25ng/ml, DNA migration in mouse lymphoma cells #3: extract from the roots at the concentration 0.1 mg/ml induced significant DNA damage in mouse lymphoma cells without inducing concomitant cytotoxicity

Composition #1: Kumar, Dushyant., Patil, Paragouda A., Roy, Subarna., Kholkute, Sanjiv D., Hegde, Harsha V., Nair, Vinod. Comparative toxicity profiles of Plumbago zeylanica L. root petroleum ether, acetone and hydroalcoholic extracts in Wistar rats. . ayu, 2015, vol. 36, no. 3, p. 329–34. DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.182750. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aceton
Substance:

plumbagin (RF-00004000-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4
Internal remarks:

plumbagin,roots, HPTLC

Composition #2: Kumar, Dushyant., Patil, Paragouda A., Roy, Subarna., Kholkute, Sanjiv D., Hegde, Harsha V., Nair, Vinod. Comparative toxicity profiles of Plumbago zeylanica L. root petroleum ether, acetone and hydroalcoholic extracts in Wistar rats. . ayu, 2015, vol. 36, no. 3, p. 329–34. DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.182750. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether
Substance:

plumbagin (RF-00004000-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

80
Internal remarks:

plumbagin,roots, HPTLC

Composition #3: Lin, LC., Yang, LL., Chou, CJ. Cytotoxic naphthoquinones and plumbagic acid glucosides from Plumbago zeylanica . phytochemistry, 2003, vol. 62, no. 4, p. 619–622. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00519-8. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

(seselin, 5-methoxyseselin, suberosin, xanthyletin and xanthoxyletin)
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

coumarins, roots, HPLC (seselin, 5-methoxyseselin, suberosin, xanthyletin and xanthoxyletin)

Composition #4: Lin, LC., Yang, LL., Chou, CJ. Cytotoxic naphthoquinones and plumbagic acid glucosides from Plumbago zeylanica . phytochemistry, 2003, vol. 62, no. 4, p. 619–622. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00519-8. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

plumbagin (RF-00004000-PAR)
Additional substance description:

plumbagin acid glucosides
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

plumbagin acid glucosides, roots, NMR

Composition #5: Lin, LC., Yang, LL., Chou, CJ. Cytotoxic naphthoquinones and plumbagic acid glucosides from Plumbago zeylanica . phytochemistry, 2003, vol. 62, no. 4, p. 619–622. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00519-8. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Naphthoquinones (RF-00010839-PAR)
Additional substance description:

( chitranone, maritinone, elliptinone and isoshinanolone)
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

naphtoquininones, roots, HPLC (chitranone, maritinone, elliptinone and isoshinanolone)

Composition #6: Demma, J., Engidawork, E., Hellmana, B. Potential genotoxicity of plant extracts used in Ethiopian traditional medicine . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2009, vol. 122, no. 1, p. 136–142. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.12.013. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cardiac glycosides, roots, phytochemical screening

Composition #7: Demma, J., Engidawork, E., Hellmana, B. Potential genotoxicity of plant extracts used in Ethiopian traditional medicine . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2009, vol. 122, no. 1, p. 136–142. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.12.013. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

saponins, roots, phytochemical screening

Endpoint study #1: Kumar, Dushyant., Patil, Paragouda A., Roy, Subarna., Kholkute, Sanjiv D., Hegde, Harsha V., Nair, Vinod. Comparative toxicity profiles of Plumbago zeylanica L. root petroleum ether, acetone and hydroalcoholic extracts in Wistar rats. . ayu, 2015, vol. 36, no. 3, p. 329–34. DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.182750. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

plumbagin (RF-00004000-PAR)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

petroleum ether, aceton, hydrochloric acid
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Guideline used:

Equivalent or similar to
Guideline:

OECD Guideline 401 (Acute Oral Toxicity) (OECD718PL)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

2000
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

mortality, single highest dose
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

mortality, 2000mg/kg, rats, OECD 425

Endpoint study #2: Kumar, Dushyant., Patil, Paragouda A., Roy, Subarna., Kholkute, Sanjiv D., Hegde, Harsha V., Nair, Vinod. Comparative toxicity profiles of Plumbago zeylanica L. root petroleum ether, acetone and hydroalcoholic extracts in Wistar rats. . ayu, 2015, vol. 36, no. 3, p. 329–34. DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.182750. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

plumbagin (RF-00004000-PAR)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

petroleum ether, aceton
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Guideline used:

Equivalent or similar to
Guideline:

OECD GUIDELINE 407 (REPEATED DOSE 28-DAY ORAL TOXICITY IN RODENTS) (OECD1255PL)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

28.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

2000
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

hepatic and renal congestion, increased liver, adrenal, heart weigth
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

hepatic and renal congestion, increased liver, adrenal, heart weight, rats, OECD 407

Endpoint study #3: SivaKumar, V., Prakash, R., Murali, MR., Devaraj, H., Devaraj, SN. In vivo micronucleus assay and GST activity in assessing genotoxicity of plumbagin in Swiss albino mice . drug and chemical toxicology, 2005, vol. 28, no. 4, p. 499–507. DOI: 10.1080/01480540500263019. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

plumbagin (RF-00004000-PAR)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

5.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Lethal dose rate in 50% of experimental organisms (CHD029EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

16
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

plumbagin, LD 50 significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes

Genotox #1: SivaKumar, V., Prakash, R., Murali, MR., Devaraj, H., Devaraj, SN. In vivo micronucleus assay and GST activity in assessing genotoxicity of plumbagin in Swiss albino mice . drug and chemical toxicology, 2005, vol. 28, no. 4, p. 499–507. DOI: 10.1080/01480540500263019. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

micronucleus assay (CHD051TT)
Method type:

in vivo
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

not applicable
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration for in vivo:

5.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

chromosome aberration
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes 4-16 mg/kg b.w. per day
Internal remarks:

significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, swiss albino
Internal ID:

WOS:000233194600010

Genotox #2: Demma, Jemal., Hallberg, Karl., Hellman, Bjoern. Genotoxicity of plumbagin and its effects on catechol and NQNO-induced DNA damage in mouse lymphoma cells . toxicology in vitro, 2009, vol. 23, no. 2, p. 266–271. DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.12.007. [DOI link]

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

single cell gel/comet assay in mammalian cells for detection of DNA damage (CHD040TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Guideline used:

No guideline available
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent no treatment
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Not determined
Remarks on genotox study:

DNA damage at 0.25ng/ml, DNA migration in mouse lymphoma cells
Internal remarks:

DNA damage at 0.25ng/ml, DNA migration in mouse lymphoma cells
Internal ID:

WOS:000264044000009

Genotox #3: Demma, J., Engidawork, E., Hellmana, B. Potential genotoxicity of plant extracts used in Ethiopian traditional medicine . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2009, vol. 122, no. 1, p. 136–142. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.12.013. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

single cell gel/comet assay in mammalian cells for detection of DNA damage (CHD040TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

lymphoma L5178Y cells (CHD035ST)
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

induced significant DNA damage in mouse lymphoma cells without inducing concomitant cytotoxicity
Internal remarks:

extract from the roots at the concentration 0.1 mg/ml induced significant DNA damage in mouse lymphoma cells without inducing concomitant cytotoxicity
Internal ID:

WOS:000264509100020