EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Pepper, long (as plant) // Piper longum L.

Family:: Piperaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1762
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: piperlongumine #2: Piperine in fruits #3: Piperoctadecalidine in fruits #4: Piperlongumine in fruits #5: Pipernonaline in fruits #6: Sarmentine in fruits #7: Piperlonguminine in fruits

Endpoint Studies

#1: Androgenic activity (reproductive effect, urogenital) #2: acute, mice, CNS stimulation #3: Organ weight (a significant increase in the weight of the lungs and spleen)

Genotoxicity

#1: Genotoxic, Salmonella typhimurium TA1535

Composition #1: Zheng, Jie., Son, Dong Ju., Gu, Sun Mi., Woo, Ju Rang., Ham, Young Wan., Lee, Hee Pom., Kim, Wun Jae., Jung, Jae Kyung., Hong, Jin Tae. Piperlongumine inhibits lung tumor growth via inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. scientific reports, 2016, vol. 6, p. 26357. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

pyridine alkaloids (RF-00010801-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Piperlongumine
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

piperlongumine

Composition #2: Lee, SE., Mahoney, NE., Campbell, BC. Inhibition of aflatoxin B-1 biosynthesis by piperlongumine isolated from Piper longum L. . journal of microbiology and biotechnology, 2002, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 679–682. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexan
Substance:

piperine (RF-00000365-NTR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

TLC, HPLC
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

7.8
Internal remarks:

Piperine in fruits

Composition #3: Lee, SE., Mahoney, NE., Campbell, BC. Inhibition of aflatoxin B-1 biosynthesis by piperlongumine isolated from Piper longum L. . journal of microbiology and biotechnology, 2002, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 679–682. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexan
Substance:

Piperidine alkaloids (RF-00004320-PAR)
Additional substance description:

piperoctadecalidine
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

TLC, HPLC
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.07
Internal remarks:

Piperoctadecalidine in fruits

Composition #4: Lee, SE., Mahoney, NE., Campbell, BC. Inhibition of aflatoxin B-1 biosynthesis by piperlongumine isolated from Piper longum L. . journal of microbiology and biotechnology, 2002, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 679–682. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexan
Substance:

pyridine alkaloids (RF-00010801-PAR)
Additional substance description:

piperlongumine
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

TLC, HPLC
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.7
Internal remarks:

Piperlongumine in fruits

Composition #5: Lee, SE., Mahoney, NE., Campbell, BC. Inhibition of aflatoxin B-1 biosynthesis by piperlongumine isolated from Piper longum L. . journal of microbiology and biotechnology, 2002, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 679–682. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexan
Substance:

Piperidine alkaloids (RF-00004320-PAR)
Additional substance description:

pipernonaline
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

TLC, HPLC
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.05
Internal remarks:

Pipernonaline in fruits

Composition #6: Huang, Huazhang., Morgan, Christy M., Asolkar, Ratnakar N., Koivunen, Marja E., Marrone, Pamela G. Phytotoxicity of Sarmentine Isolated from Long Pepper (Piper longum) Fruit . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2010, vol. 58, no. 18, p. 9994–10000. DOI: 10.1021/jf102087c. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

sarmentine (RF-00004044-PAR)
Analytical method code:

LC-MS (F026A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Sarmentine in fruits

Composition #7: Lee, Wonhwa., Yoo, Hayoung., Ku, Sae-Kwang., Kim, Jeong Ah., Bae, Jong-Sup. Anticoagulant activities of piperlonguminine in vitro and in vivo. bmb reports, 2013, vol. 46, no. 10, p. 484–489. DOI: 10.5483/BMBRep.2013.46.10.028. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

piperlonguminine (RF-00003999-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV + spectroscopy
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.00417
Internal remarks:

Piperlonguminine in fruits

Endpoint study #1: Shah, AH., Al-Shareef, AH., Ageel, AM., Qureshi, S. Toxicity studies in mice of common spices, Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark and Piper longum fruits . plant foods for human nutrition, 1998, vol. 52, no. 3, p. 231–239. DOI: 10.1023/A:1008088323164. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol 95%
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration:

90.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Micrograms per kilogram body weight per day (G210A)
Effect concentration:

100
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Testes (TT050A)
Effect description:

male mice - constipation, erection, protrusion of the penis; androgenic activity (increased organ weight, sperm count and motility)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

Androgenic activity (reproductive effect, urogenital)

Endpoint study #2: Shah, AH., Al-Shareef, AH., Ageel, AM., Qureshi, S. Toxicity studies in mice of common spices, Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark and Piper longum fruits . plant foods for human nutrition, 1998, vol. 52, no. 3, p. 231–239. DOI: 10.1023/A:1008088323164. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol 95%
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

5
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Micrograms per kilogram body weight per day (G210A)
Effect concentration:

0.5-3
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

CNS stimulation
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

acute, mice, CNS stimulation

Endpoint study #3: Shah, AH., Al-Shareef, AH., Ageel, AM., Qureshi, S. Toxicity studies in mice of common spices, Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark and Piper longum fruits . plant foods for human nutrition, 1998, vol. 52, no. 3, p. 231–239. DOI: 10.1023/A:1008088323164. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

ethanol 95%
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration:

90.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Micrograms per kilogram body weight per day (G210A)
Effect concentration:

100
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

respiratory: Lung (TT041A)
Effect description:

a significant increase in the weight of the lungs and spleen; mortality after 31 day
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Organ weight (a significant increase in the weight of the lungs and spleen)

Genotox #1: Soudamini, K.K., Unnikrishnan, M.C., Sukumaran, K., Kuttan, R. Mutagenicity and anti-mutagenicity of selected spices. indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 1995, vol. 39, no. 4, p. 347–353. .

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Guideline used:

No guideline required
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 1535 (CHD030ST)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

without
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent no treatment
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

mutagenicity in S.typhimurium TA 1535 in concentration 25 mg/plate
Internal remarks:

Genotoxic, Salmonella typhimurium TA1535
Internal ID:

eid=2-s2.0-0028822306