EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Cubeb (as plant) // Piper cubeba L.f.

Family:: Piperaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 366
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: cubebin in fruits #2: hinokinin in fruits #3: (-)-cubebin in seeds #4: camphor in fruits #5: eucalyptole (1,8-cineole) in fruits #6: piperenone #7: kadsurin A

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

#1: positive micronucleus test in mice #2: positive micronucleus test in rats #3: positive comet assay in mice #4: positive comet assay in rats

Composition #1: Bodiwala, Hardik S., Singh, Gaganmeet., Singh, Ranvir., Dey, Chinmoy Sankar., Sharma, Shyam Sundar., Bhutani, Kamlesh Kumar., Singh, Inder Pal. Antileishmanial amides and lignans from Piper cubeba and Piper retrofractum . journal of natural medicines, 2007, vol. 61, no. 4, p. 418–421. DOI: 10.1007/s11418-007-0159-2. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, Soxhlet
Substance:

lignans (RF-00004361-PAR)
Additional substance description:

cubebin
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV, IR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cubebin in fruits

Composition #2: Bodiwala, Hardik S., Singh, Gaganmeet., Singh, Ranvir., Dey, Chinmoy Sankar., Sharma, Shyam Sundar., Bhutani, Kamlesh Kumar., Singh, Inder Pal. Antileishmanial amides and lignans from Piper cubeba and Piper retrofractum . journal of natural medicines, 2007, vol. 61, no. 4, p. 418–421. DOI: 10.1007/s11418-007-0159-2. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, Soxhlet
Substance:

Hinokinin (RF-00011074-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

IR, UV
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

hinokinin in fruits

Composition #3: Maistro, Edson Luis., Marcondes Natel, Andre Vinicius., Bianco de Souza, Gustavo Henrique., Perazzo, Fabio Ferreira. Genotoxic effects of (-)-cubebin in somatic cells of mice. journal of applied toxicology, 2011, vol. 31, no. 2, p. 185–189. DOI: 10.1002/jat.1616. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH 94%, column chromatography
Substance:

lignans (RF-00004361-PAR)
Additional substance description:

(-)-cubebin
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

IR, HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

(-)-cubebin in seeds

Composition #4: Magalhaes, Lizandra G., de Souza, Julia M., Wakabayashi, Kamila A. L., Laurentiz, Rosangela da S., Vinholis, Adriana H. C., Rezende, Karen C. S., Simaro, Guilherme V., Bastos, Jairo K., Rodrigues, Vanderlei., Esperandim, Viviane R., Ferreira, Daniele S., Crotti, Antonio E. M., Cunha, Wilson R., Silva, Marcio L. A. E. In vitro efficacy of the essential oil of Piper cubeba L. (Piperaceae) against Schistosoma mansoni . parasitology research, 2012, vol. 110, no. 5, p. 1747–1754. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2695-7. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

(-)-camphor (RF-00003469-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Eucalyptole
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5.61
Internal remarks:

camphor in fruits

Composition #5: Magalhaes, Lizandra G., de Souza, Julia M., Wakabayashi, Kamila A. L., Laurentiz, Rosangela da S., Vinholis, Adriana H. C., Rezende, Karen C. S., Simaro, Guilherme V., Bastos, Jairo K., Rodrigues, Vanderlei., Esperandim, Viviane R., Ferreira, Daniele S., Crotti, Antonio E. M., Cunha, Wilson R., Silva, Marcio L. A. E. In vitro efficacy of the essential oil of Piper cubeba L. (Piperaceae) against Schistosoma mansoni . parasitology research, 2012, vol. 110, no. 5, p. 1747–1754. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2695-7. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Eucalyptole
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

11.87
Internal remarks:

eucalyptole (1,8-cineole) in fruits

Composition #6: Koul, JL., Koul, SK., Taneja, SC., Dhar, KL. Oxygenated cyclohexanes from Piper cubeb. phytochemistry, 1996, vol. 41, no. 4, p. 1097–1099. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00737-7. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether
Substance:

neolignans (RF-00004386-PAR)
Additional substance description:

piperenone
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

piperenone

Composition #7: Koul, JL., Koul, SK., Taneja, SC., Dhar, KL. Oxygenated cyclohexanes from Piper cubeb. phytochemistry, 1996, vol. 41, no. 4, p. 1097–1099. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00737-7. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether
Substance:

kadsurin (RF-00011064-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

kadsurin A

Genotox #1: Freire Junqueira, Adriana Pereira., Perazzo, Fabio Ferreira., Blanco Souza, Gustavo Henrique., Maistro, Edson Luis. Clastogenicity of Piper cubeba (Piperaceae) seed extract in an in vivo mammalian cell system . genetics and molecular biology, 2007, vol. 30, no. 3, p. 656–663. .

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

micronucleus assay (CHD051TT)
Method type:

in vivo
Guideline used:

No guideline available
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

not applicable
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration for in vivo:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

chromosome aberration
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

increase in mean number of micronucleatid polychromatic efrythrocytes at the dose 1.5 g.kg.day
Internal remarks:

positive micronucleus test in mice
Internal ID:

WOS:000249206200025

Genotox #2: Freire Junqueira, Adriana Pereira., Perazzo, Fabio Ferreira., Blanco Souza, Gustavo Henrique., Maistro, Edson Luis. Clastogenicity of Piper cubeba (Piperaceae) seed extract in an in vivo mammalian cell system . genetics and molecular biology, 2007, vol. 30, no. 3, p. 656–663. .

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

micronucleus assay (CHD051TT)
Method type:

in vivo
Guideline used:

No guideline available
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

not applicable
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration for in vivo:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

chromosome aberration
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

increase in mean number of micronucleatid polychromatic efrythrocytes at the dose 1.5 g.kg.day
Internal remarks:

positive micronucleus test in rats
Internal ID:

WOS:000249206200025

Genotox #3: Freire Junqueira, Adriana Pereira., Perazzo, Fabio Ferreira., Blanco Souza, Gustavo Henrique., Maistro, Edson Luis. Clastogenicity of Piper cubeba (Piperaceae) seed extract in an in vivo mammalian cell system . genetics and molecular biology, 2007, vol. 30, no. 3, p. 656–663. .

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

single cell gel/comet assay in mammalian cells for detection of DNA damage (CHD040TT)
Method type:

in vivo
Guideline used:

No guideline available
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

Swiss (CHD005ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

not applicable
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration for in vivo:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

increase in level of DNA damage at the dose 1.5 g.kg.day
Internal remarks:

positive comet assay in mice
Internal ID:

WOS:000249206200025

Genotox #4: Freire Junqueira, Adriana Pereira., Perazzo, Fabio Ferreira., Blanco Souza, Gustavo Henrique., Maistro, Edson Luis. Clastogenicity of Piper cubeba (Piperaceae) seed extract in an in vivo mammalian cell system . genetics and molecular biology, 2007, vol. 30, no. 3, p. 656–663. .

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

single cell gel/comet assay in mammalian cells for detection of DNA damage (CHD040TT)
Method type:

in vivo
Guideline used:

No guideline available
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

not applicable
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration for in vivo:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent vehicle
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

increase in level of DNA damage at the dose 1.5 g.kg.day
Internal remarks:

positive comet assay in rats
Internal ID:

WOS:000249206200025