EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Pinus pinaster Aiton // Pinus maritima Lam.

Family:: Pinaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 4672
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

#1: p-coumaric acid #2: myrcene #3: gallotannins

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

#1: concentrations (100 and 150 μg/ml) of a bark extract (Pycnogenol) caused an increase in DNA damage #2: Concentrations (100 and 150 μg/ml) of a bark extract (Pycnogenol) caused an increase in micronuclei formation

Composition #1: Segal, L., Penman, M G., Piriou, Y. Evaluation of the systemic toxicity and mutagenicity of OLIGOPIN(R), procyanidolic oligomers (OPC) extracted from French Maritime Pine Bark extract. . toxicology reports, 2018, vol. 5, p. 531–541. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.03.013. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

p-coumaric acid (RF-00010717-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.3-2
Internal remarks:

p-coumaric acid

Composition #2: Barata, EN., Pickett, JA., Wadhams, LJ., Woodcock, CM., Mustaparta, H. Identification of host and nonhost semiochemicals of eucalyptus woodborer Phoracantha semipunctata by gas chromatography-electroantennography . journal of chemical ecology, 2000, vol. 26, no. 8, p. 1877–1895. DOI: 10.1023/A:1005548824429. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Analytical method - additional description:

High-resolution gas chromatography–electroantennography
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

7.26
Internal remarks:

myrcene

Composition #3: Navarrete, P., Pizzi, A., Pasch, H., Rode, K., Delmotte, L. MALDI-TOF and C-13 NMR characterization of maritime pine industrial tannin extract . industrial crops and products, 2010, vol. 32, no. 2, p. 105–110. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.03.010. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water extraction
Substance:

Gallotannins (RF-00013316-PAR)
Additional substance description:

gallic acid, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate monomers
Analytical method code:

MALDI-TOFMS (F065A)
Analytical method - additional description:

MALDI-TOF
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

gallotannins

Endpoint study #1: Schaefer, Angelika., Hoegger, Petra. Oligomeric procyanidins of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol (R)) effectively inhibit alpha-glucosidase . diabetes research and clinical practice, 2007, vol. 77, no. 1, p. 41–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.10.011. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Additional plant/substance description:

Standardized extract consisting of 65-75 percent procyanidins
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro (CHD061TT)
Endpoint measured:

Half maximal inhibitory concentration (CHD021EP)
Concentration unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Effect concentration:

5.34
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

alpha-glucosidase inhibition
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

enzyme inhibition (CHD032BE)
Internal remarks:

Alpha-glucosidase inhibition

Genotox #1: Taner, Gokce., Aydin, Sevtap., Aytac, Zeki., Basaran, Arif Ahmet., Basaran, Nursen. Assessment of the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and antigenotoxic potential of Pycnogenol (R) in in vitro mammalian cells . food and chemical toxicology, 2013, vol. 61, p. 203–208. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.053. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

single cell gel/comet assay in mammalian cells for detection of DNA damage (CHD040TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Strain of test organism:

lymphocytes (CHD036ST)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

concentrations (100 and 150 μg/ml) of PYC alone (tested by alkaline comet assay) caused an increase in DNA damage
Internal remarks:

concentrations (100 and 150 μg/ml) of a bark extract (Pycnogenol) caused an increase in DNA damage
Internal ID:

WOS:000329000800030

Genotox #2: Taner, Gokce., Aydin, Sevtap., Aytac, Zeki., Basaran, Arif Ahmet., Basaran, Nursen. Assessment of the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and antigenotoxic potential of Pycnogenol (R) in in vitro mammalian cells . food and chemical toxicology, 2013, vol. 61, p. 203–208. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.053. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test (CHD033TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Strain of test organism:

lymphocytes (CHD036ST)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Concentrations (100 and 150 μg/ml) of PYC alone (caused an increase in micronuclei formation
Internal remarks:

Concentrations (100 and 150 μg/ml) of a bark extract (Pycnogenol) caused an increase in micronuclei formation
Internal ID:

WOS:000329000800030