EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Pieris japonica (Thunb.) D.Don.ex G.Don. (as plant) // Andromeda japonica Thunb. // Pieris japonica (Thunb.) D. Don ex G. Don

Family:: Ericaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 235
Number of processed references:: 11

Compositions

#1: Grayanotoxin in unspecified plant part #2: pieristoxins a-c from flowers #3: grayanotoxin III in leaves #4: Neopierisoids flowers, NMR, HPLC #5: oxygenated grayanane diterpenoids, neopierisoids G−L in flowers #6: pieristoxin G (grayanotoxins) in leaves

Endpoint Studies

#1: Mortality in cows #2: cardiotoxicity and other effects, branches, human #3: lethal effect, goats, leaves #4: digestive tract affected in turtle (Geochelone sulcata) #5: neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity in humans

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Plugge, P. C., de Zaayer, H. G. Andromedotoxin. arch. ges. physiol., 40, 1889, vol. ges. Physiol., p. 40. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Grayanotoxin I (RF-00009357-PAR)
Additional substance description:

syn. andromedotoxin
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Grayanotoxin in unspecified plant part

Composition #2: Meguri, Haruo. Constituents of ericaceae. IV Isolation of pieristoxin A, B, and C from the flowers of Pieris japonica. yakugaku zasshi, 1959, vol. 79, p. 1052–6. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Substance:

Grayanotoxins (RF-00009356-PAR)
Additional substance description:

pieristoxin a, b, c
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pieristoxins a-c from flowers

Composition #3: Meguri, Haruo. Constituents of ericaceae. V. Isolation of deacetylandromedotoxin (grayanotoxin III) and pieristoxin C from the leaves of Pieris japonica. yakugaku zasshi, 1959, vol. 79, p. 1057–9. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Substance:

Grayanotoxin III (RF-00009359-PAR)
Additional substance description:

grayane diterpenoids
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

grayanotoxin III in leaves

Composition #4: Li, Yan-Ping., Li, Xiao-Nian., Gao, Ling-Huan., Li, Hai-Zhou., Wu, Guo-Xing., Li, Rong-Tao. Neopierisoids A and B, Two New Chlorinated 3,4-seco-Grayanane Diterpenoids with Antifeedant Activity from Flowers of Pieris japonica . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2013, vol. 61, no. 30, p. 7219–7224. DOI: 10.1021/jf401921x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

75% Me2CO/H2O followed by EtOAc
Substance:

Grayanotoxins (RF-00009356-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Neopierisoids A and B
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

semipreparative HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Neopierisoids flowers, NMR, HPLC

Composition #5: Chen, Xuan-Qin., Gao, Ling-Huan., Li, Yan-Ping., Li, Hong-Mei., Liu, Dan., Liao, Xia-Li., Li, Rong-Tao. Highly Oxygenated Grayanane Diterpenoids from Flowers of Pieris japonica and Structure-Activity Relationships of Antifeedant Activity against Pieris brassicae . journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2017, vol. 65, no. 22, p. 4456–4463. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01500. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Me2CO/H2O
Substance:

Grayanotoxins (RF-00009356-PAR)
Additional substance description:

oxygenated grayanane diterpenoids, neopierisoids G−L
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

oxygenated grayanane diterpenoids, neopierisoids G−L in flowers

Composition #6: HOTTA, Y., TAKEYA, K., KOBAYASHI, S., HARADA, N., SAKAKIBARA, J., SHIRAI, N. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURE, POSITIVE INOTROPIC POTENCY AND LETHAL DOSE OF GRAYANOTOXINS IN GUINEA-PIG . archives of toxicology, 1980, vol. 44, no. 4, p. 259–267. DOI: 10.1007/BF00278033. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Grayanotoxins (RF-00009356-PAR)
Additional substance description:

pieristoxin G
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pieristoxin G (grayanotoxins) in leaves

Endpoint study #1: Toxoplasmosis causes abortion and non-viable lambs in a Scottish hill flock. veterinary record, 2007, vol. 161, no. 4, p. 115–118. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

andromedotoxin
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

vomiting in cows ending in death
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality in cows

Endpoint study #2: van Roosmalen, S., van Oers, J.A.H. First Pieris Japonica intoxication described in a human. netherlands journal of critical care, 2013, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 36–37. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Additional plant/substance description:

2 branches
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

salivation, nausea, vomiting, bradycardia, hypotension and different behaviour
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

cardiotoxicity and other effects, branches, human

Endpoint study #3: Baert, K., Croubels, S., Steurbaut, N., De Boever, S., Vercauteren, G., Ducatelle, R., Verbeken, A., De Backer, P. Two unusual cases of plant intoxication in small ruminants. vlaams diergeneeskundig tijdschrift, 2005, vol. 74, no. 2, p. 149–153. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Goat (as animal) (A057P)
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

lethal (vomitting, gnashing), pulmonary edema, congestion of jejunal mucosa
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

lethal effect, goats, leaves

Endpoint study #4: Pizza, R., Goodman, G., Gunn-Moore, D., Meredith, A., Keeble, E. Pieris japonica intoxication in an African spurred tortoise (Geochelone sulcata) . veterinary record, 2005, vol. 156, no. 15, p. 487–488. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

Grayanotoxin I (RF-00009357-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Animals (as animal) (A04SF)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

gastric distention, gastic ulceration, abdominal pain, hypersalivation in turtle (Geochelone sulcata)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

digestive tract affected in turtle (Geochelone sulcata)

Endpoint study #5: Aleguas, A., Vitale, C., Sheroff, A., Burns-Ewald, M. Grayanotoxin poisoning from Pieris japonica. clinical toxicology, 2008, vol. 46, no. 5, p. 410–410. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Grayanotoxins (RF-00009356-PAR)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

tea and live plant
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity (vomiting, blurred vision and a seizure, bradycardia)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity in humans