EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Pieris formosa (Wall.) D.Don.

Family:: Ericaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 57
Number of processed references:: 8

Compositions

#1: Grayanotoxin XVIII in leaves #2: pierisoids A and B in flowers #3: grayanotoxin XXII in flowers #4: Pierisformotoxin E in fruits #5: Secopieristoxins A and B in fruits #6: Pierisformotoxin D in flowers #7: Pierisformotoxin C in flowers #8: Pierisformotoxin B in flowers #9: Pierisformotoxin A in flowers #10: grayanoside C and D in twigs #11: grayanotoxin II in twigs #12: pierisformoside B in twigs #13: pieristoxin H, L-S in twigs #14: bis-deacetylkalmitoxin-VI in twigs #15: rhodomolin I in twigs

Endpoint Studies

#1: Neurotoxicity reported

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Wang, L.-Q., Ding, B.-Y., Wang, P., Zhao, W.-M., Qin, G.-W. Grayanane diterpenoids from Pieris formosa. natural product sciences, 1998, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 68–71. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol
Substance:

Grayanotoxins (RF-00009356-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Grayanotoxin XVIII
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatography + NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Grayanotoxin XVIII in leaves

Composition #2: Li, Chun-Huan., Niu, Xue-Mei., Luo, Qian., Xie, Ming-Jin., Luo, Shi-Hong., Zhou, Yan-Ying., Li, Sheng-Hong. Novel Polyesterified 334-seco-Grayanane Diterpenoids as Antifeedants from Pieris formosa . organic letters, 2010, vol. 12, no. 10, p. 2426–2429. DOI: 10.1021/ol1007982. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

Diterpenes Diterpenes (RF-00004378-PAR)
Additional substance description:

pierisoids A and B polyesterified 3,4-seco-grayanane diterpenoids
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

silica gel and sephadex LH20 column chromatography
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pierisoids A and B in flowers

Composition #3: Wang, Wei-Guang., Li, Hong-Mei., Li, Hai-Zhou., Wu, Zhao-Yuan., Li, Rong-Tao. New grayanol diterpenoid and new phenolic glucoside from the flowers of Pieris formosa . journal of asian natural products research, 2010, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 70–75. DOI: 10.1080/10286020903436519. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetone−water
Substance:

Grayanotoxins (RF-00009356-PAR)
Additional substance description:

grayanotoxin XXII
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR and spectroscopic methods
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

grayanotoxin XXII in flowers

Composition #4: Wu, Zhao-Yuan., Li, Yuan-Dan., Wu, Gui-Sheng., Luo, Huai-Rong., Li, Hong-Mei., Li, Rong-Tao. Three New Highly Acylated 3,4-seco-Grayanane Diterpenoids from the Fruits of Pieris formosa . chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2011, vol. 59, no. 4, p. 492–495. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

75% aqueous acetone extract
Substance:

Pierisformotoxin D (RF-00004468-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Pierisformotoxin E
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Pierisformotoxin E in fruits

Composition #5: Wu, Zhao-Yuan., Li, Hai-Zhou., Wang, Wei-Guang., Li, Xiao-Lei., Li, Rong-Tao. Secopieristoxins A and B, two unusual diterpenoids with a new 9,10-secograyanane skeleton from the fruits of Pieris formosa . phytochemistry letters, 2012, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 87–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2011.10.007. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

75% Me2CO/H2O
Substance:

Diterpenes Diterpenes (RF-00004378-PAR)
Additional substance description:

acylated grayanane diterpenoids
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

silica ge and HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Secopieristoxins A and B in fruits

Composition #6: Wang, Wei-Guang., Wu, Zhao-Yuan., Chen, Rui., Li, Hai-Zhou., Li, Hong-Mei., Li, Yuan-Dan., Li, Rong-Tao., Luo, Huai-Rong. Pierisformotoxins A-D, Polyesterified Grayanane Diterpenoids from Pieris formosa and Their cAMP-Decreasing Activities . chemistry & biodiversity, 2013, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 1061–1071. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200046. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetone−water
Substance:

Pierisformotoxin D (RF-00004468-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Pierisformotoxin D in flowers

Composition #7: Wang, Wei-Guang., Wu, Zhao-Yuan., Chen, Rui., Li, Hai-Zhou., Li, Hong-Mei., Li, Yuan-Dan., Li, Rong-Tao., Luo, Huai-Rong. Pierisformotoxins A-D, Polyesterified Grayanane Diterpenoids from Pieris formosa and Their cAMP-Decreasing Activities . chemistry & biodiversity, 2013, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 1061–1071. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200046. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetone−water
Substance:

Pierisformotoxin C (RF-00004467-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Pierisformotoxin C in flowers

Composition #8: Wang, Wei-Guang., Wu, Zhao-Yuan., Chen, Rui., Li, Hai-Zhou., Li, Hong-Mei., Li, Yuan-Dan., Li, Rong-Tao., Luo, Huai-Rong. Pierisformotoxins A-D, Polyesterified Grayanane Diterpenoids from Pieris formosa and Their cAMP-Decreasing Activities . chemistry & biodiversity, 2013, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 1061–1071. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200046. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetone−water
Substance:

Pierisformotoxin B (RF-00004466-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Pierisformotoxin B in flowers

Composition #9: Wang, Wei-Guang., Wu, Zhao-Yuan., Chen, Rui., Li, Hai-Zhou., Li, Hong-Mei., Li, Yuan-Dan., Li, Rong-Tao., Luo, Huai-Rong. Pierisformotoxins A-D, Polyesterified Grayanane Diterpenoids from Pieris formosa and Their cAMP-Decreasing Activities . chemistry & biodiversity, 2013, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 1061–1071. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200046. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

acetone−water
Substance:

Pierisformotoxin A (RF-00004465-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Pierisformotoxin A in flowers

Composition #10: Niu, Chang-Shan., Li, Yong., Liu, Yun-Bao., Ma, Shuang-Gang., Li, Li., Qu, Jing., Yu, Shi-Shan. Analgesic diterpenoids from the twigs of Pieris formosa. tetrahedron, 2016, vol. 72, no. 1, p. 44–49. DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.09.071. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol 95% (twigs)
Substance:

Diterpene alkaloids (RF-00004377-PAR)
Additional substance description:

grayanoside C and D
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

preparative HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

grayanoside C and D in twigs

Composition #11: Niu, Chang-Shan., Li, Yong., Liu, Yun-Bao., Ma, Shuang-Gang., Li, Li., Qu, Jing., Yu, Shi-Shan. Analgesic diterpenoids from the twigs of Pieris formosa. tetrahedron, 2016, vol. 72, no. 1, p. 44–49. DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.09.071. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol (twigs)
Substance:

Grayanotoxin II (RF-00009358-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

preparative HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

grayanotoxin II in twigs

Composition #12: Niu, Chang-Shan., Li, Yong., Liu, Yun-Bao., Ma, Shuang-Gang., Li, Li., Qu, Jing., Yu, Shi-Shan. Analgesic diterpenoids from the twigs of Pieris formosa. tetrahedron, 2016, vol. 72, no. 1, p. 44–49. DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.09.071. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol (twigs)
Substance:

Diterpene alkaloids (RF-00004377-PAR)
Additional substance description:

pierisformoside B
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

preparative HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pierisformoside B in twigs

Composition #13: Niu, Chang-Shan., Li, Yong., Liu, Yun-Bao., Ma, Shuang-Gang., Li, Li., Qu, Jing., Yu, Shi-Shan. Analgesic diterpenoids from the twigs of Pieris formosa. tetrahedron, 2016, vol. 72, no. 1, p. 44–49. DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.09.071. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol (twigs)
Substance:

Diterpene alkaloids (RF-00004377-PAR)
Additional substance description:

grayanane-type diterpenoids pieristoxin L-S
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

preparative HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pieristoxin H, L-S in twigs

Composition #14: Niu, Chang-Shan., Li, Yong., Liu, Yun-Bao., Ma, Shuang-Gang., Li, Li., Qu, Jing., Yu, Shi-Shan. Analgesic diterpenoids from the twigs of Pieris formosa. tetrahedron, 2016, vol. 72, no. 1, p. 44–49. DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.09.071. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol (twigs)
Substance:

Diterpene alkaloids (RF-00004377-PAR)
Additional substance description:

bis-deacetylkalmitoxin-VI
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

preparative HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

bis-deacetylkalmitoxin-VI in twigs

Composition #15: Niu, Chang-Shan., Li, Yong., Liu, Yun-Bao., Ma, Shuang-Gang., Li, Li., Qu, Jing., Yu, Shi-Shan. Analgesic diterpenoids from the twigs of Pieris formosa. tetrahedron, 2016, vol. 72, no. 1, p. 44–49. DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.09.071. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethanol (twigs)
Substance:

Diterpene alkaloids (RF-00004377-PAR)
Additional substance description:

rhodomolin I
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

preparative HPLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

rhodomolin I in twigs

Endpoint study #1: Zhang, Eer-Iiang., Guan, Mi-jia., Yan, Ping., Dong, Liang. Study on the mechanism of action of Pieris formosa. indian veterinary journal, 2001, vol. 78, no. 12, p. 1098–1101. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

acts on central nervous system causing violent and frequent emesis, serious expiratory dyspnoea, paralysis of hind legs, etc. death of the poisoned could be that the poison acts on apneustic centre, thus causing serious expiratory dyspnoea.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Neurotoxicity reported