EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Cape gooseberry (as plant) // Physalis peruviana L.

Family:: Solanaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 939
Number of processed references:: 12

Compositions

#1: Physoperuvine in roots #2: Glycowithanolides in fruits. #3: Alkaloids in fruits. #4: Withanolides in fruits. #5: Five withanolides in whole plant. #6: Steroidal saponins in leaves. #7: Cardiotonic glycosides in fruits. #8: Saponins in fruits. #9: 4beta-Hydroxywithanolide E in aerial parts of the plant. #10: 14,15-Dehydrowithanolide E in aerial parts of the plant. #11: Withanolide S in aerial parts of the plant. #12: Withanolide E in aerial parts of the plant. #13: Benzaldehyde in fruits #14: 1,8-cineole in fruits #15: myrcene in fruits #16: Withanolides in aerial parts (25 compounds identified) #17: 4beta-Hydroxywithanolide in an unspecified part of the plant. #18: Tropane alkaloids (tropinone, cuscohygrine, hygrine, anaferine, and anahygrine) in roots and aerial parts #19: Phylgrine in roots and aerial parts #20: 3-alpha-Tigloyloxytropane in roots. #21: Hygrine in roots. #22: Physoperuvine in roots. #23: Cuscohygrine in roots. #24: 3-beta-Acetoxytropane in roots. #25: Methylpyrrolidinylhygrine A and B in roots. #26: Tropine in roots.

Endpoint Studies

#1: Acute toxicity (LD50) of leaves. #2: NOAEL of leaves. #3: Subchronic toxicity of fruits.

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Ray, Anil B., Sahai, Mahendra., Sethi, Prabhu D. Physoperuvine, a new alkaloid of Physalis peruviana Linn. chemistry & industry (london, united kingdom), 1976, vol. (10), p. 454–5. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

physoperuvine (RF-00003538-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Physoperuvine in roots

Composition #2: El-Gengaihi, Souad E., Hamed, Manal A., Khalaf-Allah, Abd El-Rahman M., Mohammed, Mona A. Golden Berry Juice Attenuates the Severity of Hepatorenal Injury. journal of dietary supplements, 2013, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 357–369. DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2013.830675. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Raw, no heat treatment (A07HS)
Additional extraction description:

Mixed with water and concentrated by evaporation in a vacuum.
Substance:

Withanolides (RF-00011538-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Glkycowithanolides
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

7.69
Internal remarks:

Glycowithanolides in fruits.

Composition #3: El-Gengaihi, Souad E., Hamed, Manal A., Khalaf-Allah, Abd El-Rahman M., Mohammed, Mona A. Golden Berry Juice Attenuates the Severity of Hepatorenal Injury. journal of dietary supplements, 2013, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 357–369. DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2013.830675. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Raw, no heat treatment (A07HS)
Additional extraction description:

Mixed with water and concentrated by evaporation in a vacuum.
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

unspecified
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.31
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids in fruits.

Composition #4: El-Gengaihi, Souad E., Hamed, Manal A., Khalaf-Allah, Abd El-Rahman M., Mohammed, Mona A. Golden Berry Juice Attenuates the Severity of Hepatorenal Injury. journal of dietary supplements, 2013, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 357–369. DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2013.830675. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Raw, no heat treatment (A07HS)
Additional extraction description:

Mixed with water and concentrated by evaporation in a vacuum.
Substance:

Withanolides (RF-00011538-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5.86
Internal remarks:

Withanolides in fruits.

Composition #5: Ahmad, S., Yasmin, R., Malik, A. New withanolide glycosides from Physalis peruviana L.. chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 1999, vol. 47, no. 4, p. 477–480. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Withanolides (RF-00011538-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Physalolactone B glucopyranoside and four new withanolides numbered 1 - 4
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV, IR, MS, TLC
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Five withanolides in whole plant.

Composition #6: Arun, M., Asha, V. V. Preliminary studies on antihepatotoxic effect of Physalis peruviana Linn. (Solanaceae) against carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver injury in rats . journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, vol. 111, no. 1, p. 110–114. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.038. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water
Substance:

steroidal saponins (RF-00010818-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Steroidal saponins in leaves.

Composition #7: Perk, Basak Ozlem., Ilgin, Sinem., Atli, Ozlem., Duymus, Hale Gamze., Sirmagul, Basar. Acute and Subchronic Toxic Effects of the Fruits of Physalis peruviana L. . evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2013 . DOI: 10.1155/2013/707285. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Raw, no heat treatment (A07HS)
Additional extraction description:

Lyophilised fruit juice
Substance:

cardiac glycosides (RF-00010823-PAR)
Additional substance description:

mistake in the article quoting cardiotonic glycosides
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cardiotonic glycosides in fruits.

Composition #8: Perk, Basak Ozlem., Ilgin, Sinem., Atli, Ozlem., Duymus, Hale Gamze., Sirmagul, Basar. Acute and Subchronic Toxic Effects of the Fruits of Physalis peruviana L. . evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2013 . DOI: 10.1155/2013/707285. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Raw, no heat treatment (A07HS)
Additional extraction description:

Lyophilised fruit juice
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins in fruits.

Composition #9: Henrich, C. J., Brooks, A. D., Erickson, K. L., Thomas, C. L., Bokesch, H. R., Tewary, P., Thompson, C. R., Pompei, R. J., Gustafson, K. R., McMahon, J. B., Sayers, T. J. Withanolide E sensitizes renal carcinoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by increasing cFLIP degradation . cell death & disease, 2015, vol. 6 . DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.38. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Dichloromethane-methanol 1:1 followed by methanol
Substance:

Withanolides (RF-00011538-PAR)
Additional substance description:

4beta-Hydroxywithanolide E
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Isolation
Result unit:

Milligram (G155A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.9
Internal remarks:

4beta-Hydroxywithanolide E in aerial parts of the plant.

Composition #10: Henrich, C. J., Brooks, A. D., Erickson, K. L., Thomas, C. L., Bokesch, H. R., Tewary, P., Thompson, C. R., Pompei, R. J., Gustafson, K. R., McMahon, J. B., Sayers, T. J. Withanolide E sensitizes renal carcinoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by increasing cFLIP degradation . cell death & disease, 2015, vol. 6 . DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.38. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Dichloromethane-methanol 1:1 followed by methanol
Substance:

Withanolides (RF-00011538-PAR)
Additional substance description:

14,15-Dehydrowithanolide E
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Isolation
Result unit:

Milligram (G155A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.2
Internal remarks:

14,15-Dehydrowithanolide E in aerial parts of the plant.

Composition #11: Henrich, C. J., Brooks, A. D., Erickson, K. L., Thomas, C. L., Bokesch, H. R., Tewary, P., Thompson, C. R., Pompei, R. J., Gustafson, K. R., McMahon, J. B., Sayers, T. J. Withanolide E sensitizes renal carcinoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by increasing cFLIP degradation . cell death & disease, 2015, vol. 6 . DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.38. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Dichloromethane-methanol 1:1 followed by methanol
Substance:

Withanolides (RF-00011538-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Withanolide S
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Isolation
Result unit:

Milligram (G155A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.6
Internal remarks:

Withanolide S in aerial parts of the plant.

Composition #12: Henrich, C. J., Brooks, A. D., Erickson, K. L., Thomas, C. L., Bokesch, H. R., Tewary, P., Thompson, C. R., Pompei, R. J., Gustafson, K. R., McMahon, J. B., Sayers, T. J. Withanolide E sensitizes renal carcinoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by increasing cFLIP degradation . cell death & disease, 2015, vol. 6 . DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.38. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Dichloromethane-methanol 1:1 followed by methanol
Substance:

Withanolides (RF-00011538-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Withanolide E
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Isolation
Result unit:

Milligram (G155A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

6.9
Internal remarks:

Withanolide E in aerial parts of the plant.

Composition #13: Kupska, Magdalena., Jelen, Henryk H. In-tube extraction for the determination of the main volatile compounds in Physalis peruviana L . journal of separation science, 2017, vol. 40, no. 2, p. 532–541. DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600797. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Additional extraction description:

Headspace in tube extraction
Substance:

Benzaldehyde (RF-00008323-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Microgram/100 gram (G046A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

58.5
Internal remarks:

Benzaldehyde in fruits

Composition #14: Kupska, Magdalena., Jelen, Henryk H. In-tube extraction for the determination of the main volatile compounds in Physalis peruviana L . journal of separation science, 2017, vol. 40, no. 2, p. 532–541. DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600797. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Additional extraction description:

Headspace in tube extraction
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Microgram/100 gram (G046A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.093
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole in fruits

Composition #15: Kupska, Magdalena., Jelen, Henryk H. In-tube extraction for the determination of the main volatile compounds in Physalis peruviana L . journal of separation science, 2017, vol. 40, no. 2, p. 532–541. DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600797. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Additional extraction description:

Headspace in tube extraction
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Microgram/100 gram (G046A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

6.2
Internal remarks:

myrcene in fruits

Composition #16: Xu, Ya-Ming., Wijeratne, E. M. Kithsiri., Babyak, Ashley L., Marks, Hanna R., Brooks, Alan D., Tewary, Poonam., Xuan, Li-Jiang., Wang, Wen-Qiong., Sayers, Thomas J., Gunatilaka, A. A. Leslie. Withanolides from Aeroponically Grown Physalis peruviana and Their Selective Cytotoxicity to Prostate Cancer and Renal Carcinoma Cells . journal of natural products, 2017, vol. 80, no. 7, p. 1981–1991. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01129. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH-water
Substance:

Withanolides (RF-00011538-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV, IR, MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Withanolides in aerial parts (25 compounds identified)

Composition #17: Lee, Chien-Chin., Chang, Wen-Hsin., Chang, Ya-Sian., Liu, Ting-Yuan., Chen, Yu-Chia., Wu, Yang-Chang., Chang, Jan-Gowth. 4 beta-Hydroxywithanolide E Modulates Alternative Splicing of Apoptotic Genes in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Huh-7 Cells . scientific reports, 2017, vol. 7 . DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07472-6. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Substance:

Withanolides (RF-00011538-PAR)
Additional substance description:

4beta-Hydroxywithanolide E
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

4beta-Hydroxywithanolide in an unspecified part of the plant.

Composition #18: BASEY, K., MCGAW, BA., WOOLLEY, JG. PHYGRINE, AN ALKALOID FROM PHYSALIS SPECIES. phytochemistry, 1992, vol. 31, no. 12, p. 4173–4176. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(92)80437-J. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform
Substance:

Tropane alkaloids (RF-00000245-TOX)
Additional substance description:

tropinone, cuscohygrine, hygrine, anaferine, and anahygrine
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV, IR, MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tropane alkaloids (tropinone, cuscohygrine, hygrine, anaferine, and anahygrine) in roots and aerial parts

Composition #19: BASEY, K., MCGAW, BA., WOOLLEY, JG. PHYGRINE, AN ALKALOID FROM PHYSALIS SPECIES. phytochemistry, 1992, vol. 31, no. 12, p. 4173–4176. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(92)80437-J. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform
Substance:

phygrine (RF-00003990-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UV, IR, MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Phylgrine in roots and aerial parts

Composition #20: KUBWABO, C., ROLLMANN, B., TILQUIN, B. ANALYSIS OF ALKALOIDS FROM PHYSALIS-PERUVIANA BY CAPILLARY GC, CAPILLARY GC-MS, AND GC-FTIR . planta medica, 1993, vol. 59, no. 2, p. 161–163. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959634. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

3alpha-tigloyloxytropane (RF-00003775-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC2-MS and GC2-FTIR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

3-alpha-Tigloyloxytropane in roots.

Composition #21: KUBWABO, C., ROLLMANN, B., TILQUIN, B. ANALYSIS OF ALKALOIDS FROM PHYSALIS-PERUVIANA BY CAPILLARY GC, CAPILLARY GC-MS, AND GC-FTIR . planta medica, 1993, vol. 59, no. 2, p. 161–163. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959634. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Hygrine (RF-00011035-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC2-MS and GC2-FTIR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Hygrine in roots.

Composition #22: KUBWABO, C., ROLLMANN, B., TILQUIN, B. ANALYSIS OF ALKALOIDS FROM PHYSALIS-PERUVIANA BY CAPILLARY GC, CAPILLARY GC-MS, AND GC-FTIR . planta medica, 1993, vol. 59, no. 2, p. 161–163. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959634. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

physoperuvine (RF-00003538-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC2-MS and GC2-FTIR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Physoperuvine in roots.

Composition #23: KUBWABO, C., ROLLMANN, B., TILQUIN, B. ANALYSIS OF ALKALOIDS FROM PHYSALIS-PERUVIANA BY CAPILLARY GC, CAPILLARY GC-MS, AND GC-FTIR . planta medica, 1993, vol. 59, no. 2, p. 161–163. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959634. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

cuscohygrine (RF-00003758-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC2-MS and GC2-FTIR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Cuscohygrine in roots.

Composition #24: KUBWABO, C., ROLLMANN, B., TILQUIN, B. ANALYSIS OF ALKALOIDS FROM PHYSALIS-PERUVIANA BY CAPILLARY GC, CAPILLARY GC-MS, AND GC-FTIR . planta medica, 1993, vol. 59, no. 2, p. 161–163. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959634. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Tropane alkaloids (RF-00000245-TOX)
Additional substance description:

3-beta-Acetoxytropane
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC2-MS and GC2-FTIR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

3-beta-Acetoxytropane in roots.

Composition #25: KUBWABO, C., ROLLMANN, B., TILQUIN, B. ANALYSIS OF ALKALOIDS FROM PHYSALIS-PERUVIANA BY CAPILLARY GC, CAPILLARY GC-MS, AND GC-FTIR . planta medica, 1993, vol. 59, no. 2, p. 161–163. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959634. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Tropane alkaloids (RF-00000245-TOX)
Additional substance description:

methylpyrrolidinylhygrine A and B
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC2-MS and GC2-FTIR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Methylpyrrolidinylhygrine A and B in roots.

Composition #26: KUBWABO, C., ROLLMANN, B., TILQUIN, B. ANALYSIS OF ALKALOIDS FROM PHYSALIS-PERUVIANA BY CAPILLARY GC, CAPILLARY GC-MS, AND GC-FTIR . planta medica, 1993, vol. 59, no. 2, p. 161–163. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959634. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

tropine (RF-00004093-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GC2-MS and GC2-FTIR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Tropine in roots.

Endpoint study #1: Kasali, Felicien Mushagalusa., Kadima, Justin Ntokamunda., Mpiana, Pius Tshimankinda., Ngbolua, Koto-te-Nyiwa., Tshibangu, Damien Sha-Tshibey. Assessment of antidiabetic activity and acute toxicity of leaf extracts from Physalis peruviana L. in guinea-pig . asian pacific journal of tropical biomedicine, 2013, vol. 3, no. 11, p. 841–846. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60166-5. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

Powder obtained by evaporation of aqueous extract
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Guideline used:

No guideline followed
Tested organism:

Guinea pig (as animal) (A0CTN)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Lethal dose rate in 50% of experimental organisms (CHD029EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

1280
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

Death, Changes in hematological parameters, and transaminases.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

not reported (CHD030BE)
Internal remarks:

Acute toxicity (LD50) of leaves.

Endpoint study #2: Kasali, Felicien Mushagalusa., Kadima, Justin Ntokamunda., Mpiana, Pius Tshimankinda., Ngbolua, Koto-te-Nyiwa., Tshibangu, Damien Sha-Tshibey. Assessment of antidiabetic activity and acute toxicity of leaf extracts from Physalis peruviana L. in guinea-pig . asian pacific journal of tropical biomedicine, 2013, vol. 3, no. 11, p. 841–846. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60166-5. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Powder (A06JD)
Additional plant/substance description:

Powder obtained by evaporation of aqueous extract
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Guideline used:

No guideline followed
Tested organism:

Guinea pig (as animal) (A0CTN)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

No observed adverse effect level (CHD010EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

400
Critical effect:

NONE (TOX14A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

None
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

no data (CHD002BE)
Internal remarks:

NOAEL of leaves.

Endpoint study #3: Perk, Basak Ozlem., Ilgin, Sinem., Atli, Ozlem., Duymus, Hale Gamze., Sirmagul, Basar. Acute and Subchronic Toxic Effects of the Fruits of Physalis peruviana L. . evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2013 . DOI: 10.1155/2013/707285. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Raw, no heat treatment (A07HS)
Additional plant/substance description:

lyophilized fruit juiice
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Limit test:

No
Guideline used:

According to
Guideline:

OECD GUIDELINE 408 (REPEATED DOSE 90-DAY ORAL TOXICITY IN RODENTS) (OECD1256PL)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

90.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

40
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Lethal dose rate in 50% of experimental organisms (CHD029EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

5000
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Death; changes in troponin I and T, potassium and glucose levels.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Subchronic toxicity of fruits.