EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Physalis alkekengi L.

Family:: Solanaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 764
Number of processed references:: 6

Compositions

#1: 3alpha-tigloyloxytropane in fruits #2: coumarins in unspecified plant part #3: "p-couramic acid" in unspecified plant part #4: steroid derivatives in unspecified plant part #5: Scopoletin in leaves #6: solanine in stems #7: Phygrine in roots and the aerial parts

Endpoint Studies

#1: Changes in testosterone and follitropine levels after oral administration of the leaves and fruit extract. #2: Toxicity for reproduction (testes) after oral administration of the leaves and fruit extract.

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Wishart, DS., Jewison, T., Guo, AC., Wilson, M., Knox, C., Liu, Y., Djoumbou, Y., Mandal, R., Aziat, F., Dong, E., Bouatra, S., Sinelnikov, I., Arndt, D., Xia, J., Liu, P., Yallou, F., Bjorndahl, T., Perez-Pineiro, R., Eisner, R., Allen, F., Neveu, V., Greiner, R., Scalbert, A. 3alpha-Tigloyloxytropane N-oxide (HMDB33454). human metabolome database, 2012 . .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Substance:

3alpha-tigloyloxytropane (RF-00003775-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

3alpha-tigloyloxytropane in fruits

Composition #2: Zhang, N., Chu, X.-Q., Jiang, J.-Q. Chemical constituents in ethyl acetate extract from Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii. chinese traditional and herbal drugs, 2015, vol. 46, no. 8, p. 1120–1124. DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2015.08.004. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethyl acetate
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

6, 6′, 7, 7′-tetrahydroxy-5, 5′-bicoumarin
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

coumarins in unspecified plant part

Composition #3: Zhang, N., Chu, X.-Q., Jiang, J.-Q. Chemical constituents in ethyl acetate extract from Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii. chinese traditional and herbal drugs, 2015, vol. 46, no. 8, p. 1120–1124. DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2015.08.004. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethyl acetate
Substance:

p-coumaric acid (RF-00010717-PAR)
Additional substance description:

"p-couramic acid"
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

"p-couramic acid" in unspecified plant part

Composition #4: Zhang, N., Chu, X.-Q., Jiang, J.-Q. Chemical constituents in ethyl acetate extract from Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii. chinese traditional and herbal drugs, 2015, vol. 46, no. 8, p. 1120–1124. DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2015.08.004. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

ethyl acetate
Substance:

steroid derivatives steroid derivatives (RF-00004373-PAR)
Additional substance description:

4, 7-didehydroneophysalin B, physalin O, 25, 27-dihydro-4, 7-didehydro-7-deoxyneophysalin A, physalin G, physalin E, 4, 7-didehydrophysalin B, physalin D,
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

steroid derivatives in unspecified plant part

Composition #5: Butnaru, Claudia., Butnaru, Elena., Vlase, Laurian., Lazar, Mihai Ioan. DETERMINATION OF SCOPOLETIN IN PHYSALIS ALKEKENGY AND SOLANUM DULCAMARA BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY . farmacia, 2010, vol. 58, no. 6, p. 711–718. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol, ethanol
Substance:

scopoletin (RF-00004048-PAR)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0 - 267.90
Internal remarks:

Scopoletin in leaves

Composition #6: Butnaru, Claudia., Vlase, Laurian., Lazar, Doina., Agoroaei, Luminita., Lazar, Mihai Ioan. HPLC/MS ANALYSIS OF SOLANINE IN PHYSALIS ALKEKENGI AND SOLANUM DULCAMARA. farmacia, 2011, vol. 59, no. 2, p. 172–178. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

water/methanol/acetic acid
Substance:

solanine (RF-00003582-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.2818
Internal remarks:

solanine in stems

Composition #7: BASEY, K., MCGAW, BA., WOOLLEY, JG. PHYGRINE, AN ALKALOID FROM PHYSALIS SPECIES. phytochemistry, 1992, vol. 31, no. 12, p. 4173–4176. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(92)80437-J. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Column chromatography, chloroform
Substance:

phygrine (RF-00003990-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

EI-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Phygrine in roots and the aerial parts

Endpoint study #1: Javdan, N., Estakhr, J. Physalis alkekengi reduces spermatogenesis and cAMP-responsive element modulator gene expression in rat. pharmacologyonline, 2011, vol. 2, p. 866–873. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

leaves and fruits; 80 % ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Limit test:

No
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

56.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

8
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

150
Critical effect:

ENDOCRINE (TOX12A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Testes (TT050A)
Effect description:

Testosterone level
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Changes in testosterone and follitropine levels after oral administration of the leaves and fruit extract.

Endpoint study #2: Javdan, N., Estakhr, J. Physalis alkekengi reduces spermatogenesis and cAMP-responsive element modulator gene expression in rat. pharmacologyonline, 2011, vol. 2, p. 866–873. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

leaves and fruits; 80 % ethanol
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Limit test:

No
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

56.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

8
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

150
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Testes (TT050A)
Effect description:

Sperm abnormalities, changes in sperm weight, sperm motilitiy, sperm count and CREM expression,
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Toxicity for reproduction (testes) after oral administration of the leaves and fruit extract.