EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Boldu (as plant) // Peumus boldus Molina

Family:: Monimiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 507
Number of processed references:: 10

Compositions

#1: protoalkaloids in herbal infusion #2: isoquinoline alkaloids in herbal infusion #3: Quinoline alkaloids in herbal infusion #4: boldine in bark #5: ascaridole in leaves #6: methyl eugenol in leaves #7: 1,8-cineole in leaves #8: safrole in leaves #9: 1,8-cineole in leaves #10: Beta-Myrcene in leaves #11: Ascaridol in leaves #12: 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid in leaves #13: boldine in leaves #14: coumaric acid in leaves #15: rogersine in leaves #16: N-methylcoclaurine in leaves #17: isocorydine in leaves #18: laurotetanine in leaves #19: norisocorydine in leaves #20: coclaurine in leaves #21: reticuline in leaves #22: coclaurine in leaves #23: Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) in leaves #24: Ascaridole in leaves #25: pronuciferine in leaves #26: isoboldine in leaves #27: reticuline in leaves #28: boldine in unspecified part

Endpoint Studies

#1: possible hepatotoxicity in humans #2: Fetal malformation and foetal toxicity, abortive activity #3: Weak liver toxicity in male rats

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O/MeOH/FA (herbal infusion)
Substance:

Biogenic amines (RF-00000001-BGA)
Additional substance description:

protoalkaloids
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

protoalkaloids in herbal infusion

Composition #2: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O/MeOH/FA (herbal infusion)
Substance:

Isoquinoline alkaloids (RF-00004391-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

isoquinoline alkaloids in herbal infusion

Composition #3: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O/MeOH/FA (herbal infusion)
Substance:

Quinoline alkaloids (RF-00004326-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Mass Spectroscopy and hyphenated methods without chromatography (F063A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Quinoline alkaloids in herbal infusion

Composition #4: Asencio, M., Hurtado-Guzmán, C., López, J.J., Cassels, B.K., Protais, P., Chagraoui, A. Structure-affinity relationships of halogenated predicentrine and glaucine derivatives at D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors: Halogenation and D1 receptor selectivity. bioorganic and medicinal chemistry, 2005, vol. 13, no. 11, p. 3699–3704. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.03.022. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

CHCl3
Substance:

boldine (RF-00004184-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Method as described in Speisky et al., 1991
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

boldine in bark

Composition #5: Verdeguer, Mercedes., Garcia-Rellan, David., Boira, Herminio., Perez, Eduardo., Gandolfo, Sandra., Amparo Blazquez, Maria. Herbicidal Activity of Peumus boldus and Drimys winterii Essential Oils from Chile . molecules, 2011, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 403–411. DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010403. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

ascaridol (RF-00004159-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

capillary GC-FID
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

51.17
Internal remarks:

ascaridole in leaves

Composition #6: Verdeguer, Mercedes., Garcia-Rellan, David., Boira, Herminio., Perez, Eduardo., Gandolfo, Sandra., Amparo Blazquez, Maria. Herbicidal Activity of Peumus boldus and Drimys winterii Essential Oils from Chile . molecules, 2011, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 403–411. DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010403. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

methyleugenol (RF-00003931-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

capillary GC-FID
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.20
Internal remarks:

methyl eugenol in leaves

Composition #7: Verdeguer, Mercedes., Garcia-Rellan, David., Boira, Herminio., Perez, Eduardo., Gandolfo, Sandra., Amparo Blazquez, Maria. Herbicidal Activity of Peumus boldus and Drimys winterii Essential Oils from Chile . molecules, 2011, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 403–411. DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010403. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

capillary GC-FID
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

14.45
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole in leaves

Composition #8: Herrera-Rodriguez, Carmen., Ramirez-Mendoza, Carolina., Becerra-Morales, Itzel., Silva-Aguayo, Gonzalo., Urbina-Parra, Angelica., Figueroa-Cares, Ines., Martinez-Bolanos, Luciano., Concepcion Rodriguez-Maciel, J., Lagunes-Tejeda, Angel., Pastene-Navarrete, Edgar., Bustamante-Salazar, Luis. Bioactivity of Peumus boldus Molina, Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pav.) Tul. and Laureliopsis philippiana (Looser) Schodde (Monimiacea) essential oils against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky . chilean journal of agricultural research, 2015, vol. 75, no. 3, p. 334–340. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-58392015000400010. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

Safrole (RF-00003651-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.45
Internal remarks:

safrole in leaves

Composition #9: Herrera-Rodriguez, Carmen., Ramirez-Mendoza, Carolina., Becerra-Morales, Itzel., Silva-Aguayo, Gonzalo., Urbina-Parra, Angelica., Figueroa-Cares, Ines., Martinez-Bolanos, Luciano., Concepcion Rodriguez-Maciel, J., Lagunes-Tejeda, Angel., Pastene-Navarrete, Edgar., Bustamante-Salazar, Luis. Bioactivity of Peumus boldus Molina, Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pav.) Tul. and Laureliopsis philippiana (Looser) Schodde (Monimiacea) essential oils against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky . chilean journal of agricultural research, 2015, vol. 75, no. 3, p. 334–340. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-58392015000400010. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

14.85
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole in leaves

Composition #10: Herrera-Rodriguez, Carmen., Ramirez-Mendoza, Carolina., Becerra-Morales, Itzel., Silva-Aguayo, Gonzalo., Urbina-Parra, Angelica., Figueroa-Cares, Ines., Martinez-Bolanos, Luciano., Concepcion Rodriguez-Maciel, J., Lagunes-Tejeda, Angel., Pastene-Navarrete, Edgar., Bustamante-Salazar, Luis. Bioactivity of Peumus boldus Molina, Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pav.) Tul. and Laureliopsis philippiana (Looser) Schodde (Monimiacea) essential oils against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky . chilean journal of agricultural research, 2015, vol. 75, no. 3, p. 334–340. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-58392015000400010. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

myrcene (RF-00003503-PAR)
Additional substance description:

beta-myrcene
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.0
Internal remarks:

Beta-Myrcene in leaves

Composition #11: Herrera-Rodriguez, Carmen., Ramirez-Mendoza, Carolina., Becerra-Morales, Itzel., Silva-Aguayo, Gonzalo., Urbina-Parra, Angelica., Figueroa-Cares, Ines., Martinez-Bolanos, Luciano., Concepcion Rodriguez-Maciel, J., Lagunes-Tejeda, Angel., Pastene-Navarrete, Edgar., Bustamante-Salazar, Luis. Bioactivity of Peumus boldus Molina, Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pav.) Tul. and Laureliopsis philippiana (Looser) Schodde (Monimiacea) essential oils against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky . chilean journal of agricultural research, 2015, vol. 75, no. 3, p. 334–340. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-58392015000400010. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

ascaridol (RF-00004159-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gaschromatography (GC) (F037A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

24.37
Internal remarks:

Ascaridol in leaves

Composition #12: Bianchini, Matheus Chimelo., Alves Gularte, Claudia Ortiz., Escoto, Dandara Fidelis., Pereira, Geovana., Gayer, Mateus Cristofari., Roehrs, Rafael., Antunes Soares, Felix Alexandre., Puntel, Robson L. Peumus boldus (Boldo) Aqueous Extract Present Better Protective Effect than Boldine Against Manganese-Induced Toxicity in D-melanogaster . neurochemical research, 2016, vol. 41, no. 10, p. 2699–2707. DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1984-z. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hot water
Substance:

3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (RF-00008853-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/litre (G062A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

167.1
Internal remarks:

3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid in leaves

Composition #13: Bianchini, Matheus Chimelo., Alves Gularte, Claudia Ortiz., Escoto, Dandara Fidelis., Pereira, Geovana., Gayer, Mateus Cristofari., Roehrs, Rafael., Antunes Soares, Felix Alexandre., Puntel, Robson L. Peumus boldus (Boldo) Aqueous Extract Present Better Protective Effect than Boldine Against Manganese-Induced Toxicity in D-melanogaster . neurochemical research, 2016, vol. 41, no. 10, p. 2699–2707. DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1984-z. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hot water
Substance:

boldine (RF-00004184-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/litre (G062A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

199.8
Internal remarks:

boldine in leaves

Composition #14: Bianchini, Matheus Chimelo., Alves Gularte, Claudia Ortiz., Escoto, Dandara Fidelis., Pereira, Geovana., Gayer, Mateus Cristofari., Roehrs, Rafael., Antunes Soares, Felix Alexandre., Puntel, Robson L. Peumus boldus (Boldo) Aqueous Extract Present Better Protective Effect than Boldine Against Manganese-Induced Toxicity in D-melanogaster . neurochemical research, 2016, vol. 41, no. 10, p. 2699–2707. DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1984-z. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hot water
Substance:

p-coumaric acid (RF-00010717-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/litre (G062A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

10.4
Internal remarks:

coumaric acid in leaves

Composition #15: Bakiri, Ali., Hubert, Jane., Reynaud, Romain., Lanthony, Sylvie., Harakat, Dominique., Renault, Jean-Hugues., Nuzillard, Jean-Marc. Computer-Aided C-13 NMR Chemical Profiling of Crude Natural Extracts without Fractionation . journal of natural products, 2017, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 1387–1396. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01063. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

tertbutyl ether (MtBE)m water, acetonitrile (CH3CN)
Substance:

Aporphine alkaloids (RF-00010806-PAR)
Additional substance description:

rogersine
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR Chemical Profiling
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

rogersine in leaves

Composition #16: Bakiri, Ali., Hubert, Jane., Reynaud, Romain., Lanthony, Sylvie., Harakat, Dominique., Renault, Jean-Hugues., Nuzillard, Jean-Marc. Computer-Aided C-13 NMR Chemical Profiling of Crude Natural Extracts without Fractionation . journal of natural products, 2017, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 1387–1396. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01063. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

tertbutyl ether (MtBE)m water, acetonitrile (CH3CN)
Substance:

N-Methylcoclaurine (RF-00011155-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR Chemical Profiling
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

N-methylcoclaurine in leaves

Composition #17: Bakiri, Ali., Hubert, Jane., Reynaud, Romain., Lanthony, Sylvie., Harakat, Dominique., Renault, Jean-Hugues., Nuzillard, Jean-Marc. Computer-Aided C-13 NMR Chemical Profiling of Crude Natural Extracts without Fractionation . journal of natural products, 2017, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 1387–1396. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01063. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

tertbutyl ether (MtBE)m water, acetonitrile (CH3CN)
Substance:

isocorydine (RF-00003443-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR Chemical Profiling
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

isocorydine in leaves

Composition #18: Bakiri, Ali., Hubert, Jane., Reynaud, Romain., Lanthony, Sylvie., Harakat, Dominique., Renault, Jean-Hugues., Nuzillard, Jean-Marc. Computer-Aided C-13 NMR Chemical Profiling of Crude Natural Extracts without Fractionation . journal of natural products, 2017, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 1387–1396. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01063. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

tertbutyl ether (MtBE)m water, acetonitrile (CH3CN)
Substance:

Isoquinoline alkaloids (RF-00004391-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Laurotetanine
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR Chemical Profiling
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

laurotetanine in leaves

Composition #19: Bakiri, Ali., Hubert, Jane., Reynaud, Romain., Lanthony, Sylvie., Harakat, Dominique., Renault, Jean-Hugues., Nuzillard, Jean-Marc. Computer-Aided C-13 NMR Chemical Profiling of Crude Natural Extracts without Fractionation . journal of natural products, 2017, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 1387–1396. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01063. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

tertbutyl ether (MtBE)m water, acetonitrile (CH3CN)
Substance:

norisocorydine (RF-00011239-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR Chemical Profiling
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

norisocorydine in leaves

Composition #20: Bakiri, Ali., Hubert, Jane., Reynaud, Romain., Lanthony, Sylvie., Harakat, Dominique., Renault, Jean-Hugues., Nuzillard, Jean-Marc. Computer-Aided C-13 NMR Chemical Profiling of Crude Natural Extracts without Fractionation . journal of natural products, 2017, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 1387–1396. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01063. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

tertbutyl ether (MtBE)m water, acetonitrile (CH3CN)
Substance:

boldine (RF-00004184-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR Chemical Profiling
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

coclaurine in leaves

Composition #21: Bakiri, Ali., Hubert, Jane., Reynaud, Romain., Lanthony, Sylvie., Harakat, Dominique., Renault, Jean-Hugues., Nuzillard, Jean-Marc. Computer-Aided C-13 NMR Chemical Profiling of Crude Natural Extracts without Fractionation . journal of natural products, 2017, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 1387–1396. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01063. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

tertbutyl ether (MtBE)m water, acetonitrile (CH3CN)
Substance:

reticuline (RF-00004026-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR Chemical Profiling
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

reticuline in leaves

Composition #22: Bakiri, Ali., Hubert, Jane., Reynaud, Romain., Lanthony, Sylvie., Harakat, Dominique., Renault, Jean-Hugues., Nuzillard, Jean-Marc. Computer-Aided C-13 NMR Chemical Profiling of Crude Natural Extracts without Fractionation . journal of natural products, 2017, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 1387–1396. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01063. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

tertbutyl ether (MtBE)m water, acetonitrile (CH3CN)
Substance:

Coclaurine (RF-00011165-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR Chemical Profiling
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

coclaurine in leaves

Composition #23: Bakiri, Ali., Hubert, Jane., Reynaud, Romain., Lanthony, Sylvie., Harakat, Dominique., Renault, Jean-Hugues., Nuzillard, Jean-Marc. Computer-Aided C-13 NMR Chemical Profiling of Crude Natural Extracts without Fractionation . journal of natural products, 2017, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 1387–1396. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01063. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

tertbutyl ether (MtBE)m water, acetonitrile (CH3CN)
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Eucalyptol
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR Chemical Profiling
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) in leaves

Composition #24: Bakiri, Ali., Hubert, Jane., Reynaud, Romain., Lanthony, Sylvie., Harakat, Dominique., Renault, Jean-Hugues., Nuzillard, Jean-Marc. Computer-Aided C-13 NMR Chemical Profiling of Crude Natural Extracts without Fractionation . journal of natural products, 2017, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 1387–1396. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01063. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

tertbutyl ether (MtBE)m water, acetonitrile (CH3CN)
Substance:

ascaridol (RF-00004159-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Eucalyptol
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR Chemical Profiling
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Ascaridole in leaves

Composition #25: Bakiri, Ali., Hubert, Jane., Reynaud, Romain., Lanthony, Sylvie., Harakat, Dominique., Renault, Jean-Hugues., Nuzillard, Jean-Marc. Computer-Aided C-13 NMR Chemical Profiling of Crude Natural Extracts without Fractionation . journal of natural products, 2017, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 1387–1396. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01063. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

tertbutyl ether (MtBE)m water, acetonitrile (CH3CN)
Substance:

pronuciferine (RF-00011238-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR Chemical Profiling
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pronuciferine in leaves

Composition #26: HUGHES, DW., GENEST, K., SKAKUM, W. ALKALOIDS OF PEUMUS BOLDUS . ISOLATION OF (+) RETICULINE AND ISOBOLDINE. journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 1968, vol. 57, no. 6, p. 1023–&. DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600570623. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether
Substance:

isoboldine (RF-00003879-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

isoboldine in leaves

Composition #27: HUGHES, DW., GENEST, K., SKAKUM, W. ALKALOIDS OF PEUMUS BOLDUS . ISOLATION OF (+) RETICULINE AND ISOBOLDINE. journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 1968, vol. 57, no. 6, p. 1023–&. DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600570623. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether
Substance:

reticuline (RF-00004026-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

reticuline in leaves

Composition #28: MORENO, PRH., VARGAS, VMF., ANDRADE, HHR., HENRIQUES, AT., HENRIQUES, JAP. GENOTOXICITY OF THE BOLDINE APORPHINE ALKALOID IN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS . mutation research, 1991, vol. 260, no. 2, p. 145–152. DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(91)90002-4. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

boldine (RF-00004184-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

boldine in unspecified part

Endpoint study #1: Ribeiro, R.J., Silvestre, C., Duarte, C. Hidden Risks of Alternative Medicines: A Case of Boldo-Induced Hepatotoxicity. journal of dietary supplements, 2017, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 186–190. DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2016.1207123. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

jaundice and increased serum levels of liver enzymes
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

possible hepatotoxicity in humans

Endpoint study #2: Almeida, E R., Melo, A M., Xavier, H. Toxicological evaluation of the hydro-alcohol extract of the dry leaves of Peumus boldus and boldine in rats. . phytotherapy research : ptr, 2000, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 99–102. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200003)14:2<99::AID-PTR600>3.0.CO;2-4. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

boldine (RF-00004184-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

EtOH
Type of toxicological test:

reproduction toxicity (CHD009TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

5.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

120
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

800
Critical effect:

DEVELOPMENTAL (TOX07A)
Effect description:

Anatomical alterations in the fetus, incidents of blastocystotoxic-antizygotic action and a few cases of abortive activity.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

development (CHD006BE)
Internal remarks:

Fetal malformation and foetal toxicity, abortive activity

Endpoint study #3: Almeida, E R., Melo, A M., Xavier, H. Toxicological evaluation of the hydro-alcohol extract of the dry leaves of Peumus boldus and boldine in rats. . phytotherapy research : ptr, 2000, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 99–102. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200003)14:2<99::AID-PTR600>3.0.CO;2-4. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

boldine (RF-00004184-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

EtOH
Type of toxicological test:

chronic/long term toxicity (CHD004TT)
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

90.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

20
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

800
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

steatosis in two animals not associated with sinusoidal congestion or leukocyte infiltration. Alterations in the levels of ALT, AST, cholesterol, glucose, bilirubin and urea were observed.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Weak liver toxicity in male rats