EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Guarana (as plant) // Paullinia cupana Kunth

Family:: Sapindaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 599
Number of processed references:: 5

Endpoint Studies

#1: Dizziness in human (self-reported case) #2: Tachycardia in human (self-reported case) #3: Acute toxicity - Mortality in mice #4: Acute toxicity - Organ weights decrease in mice #5: subchronic toxicity - Body weight decrease among male rats #6: subchronic toxicity - Organ weights decrease among male rats

Genotoxicity

#1: A dose-response genotoxicity in Escherichia coli. #2: Mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium

Composition #1: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

solamargine (RF-00003581-PAR)
Additional substance description:

alpha-solamargine
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<4
Internal remarks:

alpha-solamargine in herb

Composition #2: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

coniine (RF-00004212-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<0.3
Internal remarks:

coniine in herb

Composition #3: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

solanine (RF-00003582-PAR)
Additional substance description:

alpha-solanine
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<2
Internal remarks:

alpha-solanine in herb

Composition #4: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

caffeine (RF-00000038-NTR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<2
Internal remarks:

caffeine in herb

Composition #5: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Erucifoline, aconine, jacobine, jacobine-N-oxide, heliotrine, lasiocarpine, seneciphylline, sipeimine
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<0.7
Internal remarks:

Erucifoline, aconine, jacobine, heliotrine, lasiocarpine, seneciphylline, sipeimine in herb

Composition #6: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

gramine (RF-00003411-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<0.1
Internal remarks:

gramine in herb

Composition #7: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Echimidine (RF-00000276-TOX)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<0.1
Internal remarks:

echimidine in herb

Composition #8: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

harmaline (RF-00003851-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<6
Internal remarks:

harmaline in herb

Composition #9: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Lycopsamine (RF-00000228-TOX)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<0.2
Internal remarks:

lycopsamine in herb

Composition #10: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Monocrotaline (RF-00000238-TOX)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<0.1
Internal remarks:

monocrotaline in herb

Composition #11: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Retrorsine (RF-00000239-TOX)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

11
Internal remarks:

Retrorsine in herb

Composition #12: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

solasonine (RF-00003584-PAR)
Additional substance description:

alpha-solasonine
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<0.2
Internal remarks:

alpha-solasonine in herb

Composition #13: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Nicotine (RF-0809-001-PPP)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<24
Internal remarks:

nicotine in herb

Composition #14: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

quinine (RF-00004022-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

11
Internal remarks:

Quinidine in herb

Composition #15: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Retrorsine (RF-00000239-TOX)
Additional substance description:

Retrorsine N-oxide
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<0.4
Internal remarks:

Retrorsine N-oxide in herb

Composition #16: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Senecionine (RF-00000232-TOX)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<0.7
Internal remarks:

Senecionine in herb

Composition #17: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Senkirkine (RF-00000300-TOX)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<1
Internal remarks:

Senkirkine in herb

Composition #18: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

solasodine (RF-00003583-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<1
Internal remarks:

Solasodine in herb

Composition #19: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

Theobromine (RF-00000334-TOX)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<4.5
Internal remarks:

Theobromine in herb

Composition #20: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

veratridine (RF-00003620-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

<0.2
Internal remarks:

Veratridine in herb

Composition #21: Nardin, Tiziana., Piasentier, Edi., Barnaba, Chiara., Larcher, Roberto. Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry. drug testing and analysis, 2017, p. Ahead of Print. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O / MeOH / FA
Substance:

quinidine (RF-00004021-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Chromatographic separation
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

< 5
Internal remarks:

Quinidine in herb

Composition #22: BAUMANN, TW., SCHULTHESS, BH., HANNI, K. GUARANA (PAULLINIA-CUPANA) REWARDS SEED DISPERSERS WITHOUT INTOXICATING THEM BY CAFFEINE . phytochemistry, 1995, vol. 39, no. 5, p. 1063–&. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(94)00141-F. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

NHCI / CH2CL2
Substance:

theophylline (RF-00004078-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.007
Internal remarks:

Theophylline in seeds

Composition #23: BAUMANN, TW., SCHULTHESS, BH., HANNI, K. GUARANA (PAULLINIA-CUPANA) REWARDS SEED DISPERSERS WITHOUT INTOXICATING THEM BY CAFFEINE . phytochemistry, 1995, vol. 39, no. 5, p. 1063–&. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(94)00141-F. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

NHCI / CH2CL2
Substance:

caffeine (RF-00000038-NTR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

4.28
Internal remarks:

caffeine in seeds

Composition #24: BAUMANN, TW., SCHULTHESS, BH., HANNI, K. GUARANA (PAULLINIA-CUPANA) REWARDS SEED DISPERSERS WITHOUT INTOXICATING THEM BY CAFFEINE . phytochemistry, 1995, vol. 39, no. 5, p. 1063–&. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(94)00141-F. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

NHCI / CH2CL2
Substance:

Theobromine (RF-00000334-TOX)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.015
Internal remarks:

Theobromine in seeds

Endpoint study #1: Restani, Patrizia., Di Lorenzo, Chiara., Garcia-Alvarez, Alicia., Badea, Mihaela., Ceschi, Alessandro., Egan, Bernadette., Dima, Lorena., Lude, Saskia., Maggi, Franco M., Marculescu, Angela., . Adverse effects of plant food supplements self-reported by consumers in the PlantLIBRA survey involving six European countries. plos one, 2016, vol. 11, no. 2, p. e0150089/1–e0150089/20. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Exposure duration:

5.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Month (G206A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NONE (TOX14A)
Effect description:

dizziness
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Dizziness in human (self-reported case)

Endpoint study #2: Restani, Patrizia., Di Lorenzo, Chiara., Garcia-Alvarez, Alicia., Badea, Mihaela., Ceschi, Alessandro., Egan, Bernadette., Dima, Lorena., Lude, Saskia., Maggi, Franco M., Marculescu, Angela., . Adverse effects of plant food supplements self-reported by consumers in the PlantLIBRA survey involving six European countries. plos one, 2016, vol. 11, no. 2, p. e0150089/1–e0150089/20. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NONE (TOX14A)
Effect description:

Tachycardia
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Tachycardia in human (self-reported case)

Endpoint study #3: Antonelli-Ushirobira, T. M., Kaneshima, E. N., Gabriel, M., Audi, E. A., Marques, L. C., Mello, J. C. P. Acute and subchronic toxicological evaluation of the semipurified extract of seeds of guarand (Paullinia cupana) in rodents . food and chemical toxicology, 2010, vol. 48, no. 7, p. 1817–1820. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.013. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water : acetone
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

40
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Concentration producing lethality in 50% of experimental organisms (CHD023EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

1.769
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Effect description:

The acute tests with EPA produced mortality in 50% of the population (LD50) at an oral dose of 1.769 ± 0.242 g/kg
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Acute toxicity - Mortality in mice

Endpoint study #4: Antonelli-Ushirobira, T. M., Kaneshima, E. N., Gabriel, M., Audi, E. A., Marques, L. C., Mello, J. C. P. Acute and subchronic toxicological evaluation of the semipurified extract of seeds of guarand (Paullinia cupana) in rodents . food and chemical toxicology, 2010, vol. 48, no. 7, p. 1817–1820. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.013. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water : acetone
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

40
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Lowest observable effect concentration (CHD027EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

0.1
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Target tissue:

respiratory: Lung (TT041A)
Effect description:

A decrease of weight of the lungs of mice treated with a dose of 0.1 g/kg.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

Acute toxicity - Organ weights decrease in mice

Endpoint study #5: Antonelli-Ushirobira, T. M., Kaneshima, E. N., Gabriel, M., Audi, E. A., Marques, L. C., Mello, J. C. P. Acute and subchronic toxicological evaluation of the semipurified extract of seeds of guarand (Paullinia cupana) in rodents . food and chemical toxicology, 2010, vol. 48, no. 7, p. 1817–1820. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.013. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water : acetone
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

90.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

48
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Lowest observable effect concentration (CHD027EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

150-300
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Effect description:

A decrease in body weight of males treated with 150 and 300 mg/kg of EPA from day 21 to day 90 among male rats.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

subchronic toxicity - Body weight decrease among male rats

Endpoint study #6: Antonelli-Ushirobira, T. M., Kaneshima, E. N., Gabriel, M., Audi, E. A., Marques, L. C., Mello, J. C. P. Acute and subchronic toxicological evaluation of the semipurified extract of seeds of guarand (Paullinia cupana) in rodents . food and chemical toxicology, 2010, vol. 48, no. 7, p. 1817–1820. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.013. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

water : acetone
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

90.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

48
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Lowest observable effect concentration (CHD027EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

150-300
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

A decrease in right and left kidney weight in males at the doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

organ weights (CHD012BE)
Internal remarks:

subchronic toxicity - Organ weights decrease among male rats

Genotox #1: Fonseca, Carmen Adilia S. Da., Leal, Jorgelene., Costa, Sonia S., Leitao, Alvaro C. Genotoxic and mutagenic effects of guarana (Paullinia cupana) in prokaryotic organisms . mutation research, 1994, vol. 321, no. 3, p. 165–173. .

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial gene mutation assay (CHD027TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Guideline used:

No guideline available
Tested organism:

Escherichia coli (as organism) (A0CQA)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

A dose-response ability to induce the prophage in a lysogenic strain of Escherichia coli.
Internal remarks:

A dose-response genotoxicity in Escherichia coli.
Internal ID:

BCI:BCI199497283291

Genotox #2: Fonseca, Carmen Adilia S. Da., Leal, Jorgelene., Costa, Sonia S., Leitao, Alvaro C. Genotoxic and mutagenic effects of guarana (Paullinia cupana) in prokaryotic organisms . mutation research, 1994, vol. 321, no. 3, p. 165–173. .

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial gene mutation assay (CHD027TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Guideline used:

No guideline available
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 97 (CHD028ST)
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

no data
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

genome mutation
Is genotoxic:

Inconclusive
Remarks on genotox study:

Guarana is able to promote frameshift mutations. However, the mutagenic activity is very low.
Internal remarks:

Mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium
Internal ID:

BCI:BCI199497283291