EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Oenanthe crocata L.

Family:: Apiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 131
Number of processed references:: 9

Compositions

#1: 2,3-dihydrooenanthotoxin in roots #2: oenanthotoxin in roots #3: oenanthotoxin in roots #4: oenanthotoxin in roots

Endpoint Studies

#1: Mortality #2: generalised convulsions #3: Mortality #4: infant death following the consumption of roots #5: seizures in horses #6: mortality in horses #7: confusion, drowsiness, headache in the same 11 years old child #8: abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea in a 11 years old child #9: myosis and ophtalmoplegia in the same 11 years old child #10: Mortality #11: Nausea, mild confusion, paresthesia #12: Cerebral function abnormalities #13: an overall mortality of approximately 70% (7 out of 11 people) #14: Neurotoxicity of tubers #15: neurotoxicity, collapse of lungs and mortality #16: convulsions and vomiting #17: gross congestion of the brain and meningeal vessels and death #18: neurotoxicity of oenanthotoxin (mortality with cardiovascular and digestive symptoms)

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Kite, Geoffrey C., Stoneham, Charlotte A., Veitch, Nigel C., Stein, Bridget K., Whitwell, Katherine E. Application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to the investigation of poisoning by Oenanthe crocata . journal of chromatography b-analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2006, vol. 838, no. 1, p. 63–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.047. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

oenanthotoxin (RF-00003964-PAR)
Additional substance description:

2,3-dihydrooenanthotoxin
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

2,3-dihydrooenanthotoxin in roots

Composition #2: Kite, Geoffrey C., Stoneham, Charlotte A., Veitch, Nigel C., Stein, Bridget K., Whitwell, Katherine E. Application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to the investigation of poisoning by Oenanthe crocata . journal of chromatography b-analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2006, vol. 838, no. 1, p. 63–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.047. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

oenanthotoxin (RF-00003964-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

oenanthotoxin in roots

Composition #3: Schep, Leo J., Slaughter, Robin J., Becket, Gordon., Beasley, D. Michael G. Poisoning due to water hemlock. clinical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 4, p. 270–278. DOI: 10.1080/15563650902904332. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

oenanthotoxin (RF-00003964-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

oenanthotoxin in roots

Composition #4: KING, LA., LEWIS, MJ., PARRY, D., TWITCHETT, PJ., KILNER, EA. IDENTIFICATION OF OENANTHOTOXIN AND RELATED-COMPOUNDS IN HEMLOCK WATER DROPWORT POISONING . human toxicology, 1985, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 355–364. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

oenanthotoxin (RF-00003964-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Chromatographic tests (F015A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HPLC, TLC or mass spectrometry.
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.06
Internal remarks:

oenanthotoxin in roots

Endpoint study #1: Anonymous. An Account of the Poisonous Effects of the Oenanthe Crocata, or Hemlock Dropwort. the london medical journal, 1784, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 192–199. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: DRINKING WATER (OECD2229PL)
Exposure duration:

2.5
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Effect description:

Death after two and half hours from swallowing more than half a tea cup full of roots juice
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality

Endpoint study #2: Fitzgerald, P., Moss, N., O'Mahony, S., Whelton, M.J. Accidental hemlock poisoning. british medical journal (clinical research ed.), 1987, vol. 295, no. 6613, p. 1657. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.295.6613.1657. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional plant/substance description:

(soup)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

4
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

generalised convulsions
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

generalised convulsions

Endpoint study #3: Fitzgerald, P., Moss, N., O'Mahony, S., Whelton, M.J. Accidental hemlock poisoning. british medical journal (clinical research ed.), 1987, vol. 295, no. 6613, p. 1657. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.295.6613.1657. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional plant/substance description:

(soup)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

9
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

Fourteen cases have been recorded 'in Britain', (9/14) were fatal.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality

Endpoint study #4: McGrath, J. Notes on a case of poisoning by œnanthe crocata (Water dropwort). irish journal of medical science, 1937, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 309–311. DOI: 10.1007/BF02951481. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

3.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

Convulsions and vomiting ,weakness, lividity of the face, stertorous breathing and weak pulse. Followed by death.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

infant death following the consumption of roots

Endpoint study #5: Kite, Geoffrey C., Stoneham, Charlotte A., Veitch, Nigel C., Stein, Bridget K., Whitwell, Katherine E. Application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to the investigation of poisoning by Oenanthe crocata . journal of chromatography b-analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2006, vol. 838, no. 1, p. 63–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.047. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Horse (as animal) (A0B9Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

seizures
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

seizures in horses

Endpoint study #6: Kite, Geoffrey C., Stoneham, Charlotte A., Veitch, Nigel C., Stein, Bridget K., Whitwell, Katherine E. Application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to the investigation of poisoning by Oenanthe crocata . journal of chromatography b-analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2006, vol. 838, no. 1, p. 63–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.047. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Horse (as animal) (A0B9Z)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

mortality (a pony had died following suspected consumption of O. crocata roots)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

mortality in horses

Endpoint study #7: Durand, M. -F., Pommier, P., Chazalette, A., de Haro, L. Child poisoning after ingestion of a wild apiaceae: A case report. archives de pediatrie, 2008, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 139–141. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2007.10.025. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

confusion, drowsiness, headache in a 11 years old child
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

confusion, drowsiness, headache in the same 11 years old child

Endpoint study #8: Durand, M. -F., Pommier, P., Chazalette, A., de Haro, L. Child poisoning after ingestion of a wild apiaceae: A case report. archives de pediatrie, 2008, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 139–141. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2007.10.025. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea in a 11 years old child
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea in a 11 years old child

Endpoint study #9: Durand, M. -F., Pommier, P., Chazalette, A., de Haro, L. Child poisoning after ingestion of a wild apiaceae: A case report. archives de pediatrie, 2008, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 139–141. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2007.10.025. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

3.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Spinal Cord (TT039A)
Effect description:

myosis and ophtalmoplegia in a 11 years old child
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

myosis and ophtalmoplegia in the same 11 years old child

Endpoint study #10: Schep, Leo J., Slaughter, Robin J., Becket, Gordon., Beasley, D. Michael G. Poisoning due to water hemlock. clinical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 4, p. 270–278. DOI: 10.1080/15563650902904332. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

oenanthotoxin (RF-00003964-PAR)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Additional plant/substance description:

unspecified
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Sex:

No data
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Amount of drug required to induce mortality (CHD076EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram (G155A)
Effect concentration:

1
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

in a fatal case, a total of 1 mg was extracted from the patient’s stomach
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality

Endpoint study #11: Schep, Leo J., Slaughter, Robin J., Becket, Gordon., Beasley, D. Michael G. Poisoning due to water hemlock. clinical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 4, p. 270–278. DOI: 10.1080/15563650902904332. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

oenanthotoxin (RF-00003964-PAR)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Additional plant/substance description:

unspecified
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Sex:

No data
Exposure duration:

72.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/litre (G062A)
Effect concentration:

4
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

Nausea, mild confusion, paresthesia
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

Nausea, mild confusion, paresthesia

Endpoint study #12: Schep, Leo J., Slaughter, Robin J., Becket, Gordon., Beasley, D. Michael G. Poisoning due to water hemlock. clinical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 4, p. 270–278. DOI: 10.1080/15563650902904332. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

oenanthotoxin (RF-00003964-PAR)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Additional plant/substance description:

unspecified
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Sex:

No data
Exposure duration:

96.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

8
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

Cerebral function abnormalities (Nausea, abdominal pain, ataxia, vomiting, weakness, paresthesia, seizures, found unconscious, muscle spasms, dizziness, sickness, light headed). (24 to 96 h)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

Cerebral function abnormalities

Endpoint study #13: MITCHELL, MI., ROUTLEDGE, PA. HEMLOCK WATER DROPWORT POISONING - REVIEW. clinical toxicology, 1978, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 417–426. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

oenanthotoxin (RF-00003964-PAR)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

13
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Effect description:

an overall mortality of approximately 70% (7 out of 11 people)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

an overall mortality of approximately 70% (7 out of 11 people)

Endpoint study #14: MITCHELL, MI., ROUTLEDGE, PA. HEMLOCK WATER DROPWORT POISONING - REVIEW. clinical toxicology, 1978, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 417–426. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Thermal treatment (heating for preservation) (A07HR)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

nauseated, repeated vomiting, weakness of lower limbs, increased salivation, and paresthesiae of fingers, confusion, slurred speech, unconsciousness, clonic movements limbs, trismus, pupillary dilation, full recovery the next day
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

behaviour (CHD001BE)
Internal remarks:

Neurotoxicity of tubers

Endpoint study #15: KING, LA., LEWIS, MJ., PARRY, D., TWITCHETT, PJ., KILNER, EA. IDENTIFICATION OF OENANTHOTOXIN AND RELATED-COMPOUNDS IN HEMLOCK WATER DROPWORT POISONING . human toxicology, 1985, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 355–364. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

oenanthotoxin (RF-00003964-PAR)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

haemorrhage of the brain and complete collapse of both lungs (death of 1/3).
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

neurotoxicity, collapse of lungs and mortality

Endpoint study #16: KING, LA., LEWIS, MJ., PARRY, D., TWITCHETT, PJ., KILNER, EA. IDENTIFICATION OF OENANTHOTOXIN AND RELATED-COMPOUNDS IN HEMLOCK WATER DROPWORT POISONING . human toxicology, 1985, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 355–364. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

oenanthotoxin (RF-00003964-PAR)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

convulsions and vomiting
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

convulsions and vomiting

Endpoint study #17: KING, LA., LEWIS, MJ., PARRY, D., TWITCHETT, PJ., KILNER, EA. IDENTIFICATION OF OENANTHOTOXIN AND RELATED-COMPOUNDS IN HEMLOCK WATER DROPWORT POISONING . human toxicology, 1985, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 355–364. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

oenanthotoxin (RF-00003964-PAR)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

vomiting, gross congestion of the brain and meningeal vessels and death
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

gross congestion of the brain and meningeal vessels and death

Endpoint study #18: JaspersenSchib, R., Theus, L., GuirguisOeschger, M., Gossweiler, B., MeierAbt, PJ. Acute poisonings with toxic giants in Switzerland between 1966 and 1994. schweizerische medizinische wochenschrift, 1996, vol. 126, no. 25, p. 1085–1098. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

oenanthotoxin (RF-00003964-PAR)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

Symptoms: stomach pains, salivation, flush, mydriasis, bradychardia, epilepsy and comma. Death after 1-2 H.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

neurotoxicity of oenanthotoxin (mortality with cardiovascular and digestive symptoms)