EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Peppermint (as plant) // Mentha x citrata Ehrh. // Mentha x piperita L.

Family:: Lamiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 5264
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: pulegone in aerial parts #2: isomenthone in aerial parts #3: menthone in aerial parts #4: 1,8-cineole in aerial parts

Endpoint Studies

#1: Low toxicity of essential oil (LD50 1612.45 mg/kg) in mice

Genotoxicity

#1: Intermediate mutagenic activity using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA102. #2: positive induction of mutations in somatic cells of Drosophila

Composition #1: Final report on the safety assessment of Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Extract, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf, and Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Water. international journal of toxicology, 2001, vol. 20, p. 61–73. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

(+)-pulegone (RF-00003398-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.1 - 1.7
Internal remarks:

pulegone in aerial parts

Composition #2: Final report on the safety assessment of Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Extract, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf, and Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Water. international journal of toxicology, 2001, vol. 20, p. 61–73. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

d,l-Isomenthone (RF-00010214-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

7
Internal remarks:

isomenthone in aerial parts

Composition #3: Final report on the safety assessment of Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Extract, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf, and Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Water. international journal of toxicology, 2001, vol. 20, p. 61–73. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Substance:

menthone (RF-00011280-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

25 - 33.7
Internal remarks:

menthone in aerial parts

Composition #4: Debbab, A., Mosaddak, B., Aly, A. H., Hakiki, A., Mosaddak, M. CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF MENTHA PIPERITA L. GROWING IN MOROCCO. scientific study and research-chemistry and chemical engineering biotechnology food industry, 2007, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 281–288. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.33
Internal remarks:

1,8-cineole in aerial parts

Endpoint study #1: Debbab, A., Mosaddak, B., Aly, A. H., Hakiki, A., Mosaddak, M. CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF MENTHA PIPERITA L. GROWING IN MOROCCO. scientific study and research-chemistry and chemical engineering biotechnology food industry, 2007, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 281–288. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional plant/substance description:

hydrodistillation
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

Male/Female
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

60
Endpoint measured:

Lethal dose rate in 50% of experimental organisms (CHD029EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight (G225A)
Effect concentration:

1612.45
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Effect description:

LD50 in mice was 1612.45 mg/kg
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Low toxicity of essential oil (LD50 1612.45 mg/kg) in mice

Genotox #1: Mahmoud, I., Alkofahi, A., Abdelaziz, A. Mutagenic and toxic activities of several spices and some Jordanian medicinal plants. international journal of pharmacognosy, 1992, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 81–85. .

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Sex:

No data
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

no data
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Intermediate mutagenic activity using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA102.
Internal remarks:

Intermediate mutagenic activity using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA102.
Internal ID:

2-s2.0-0026675463

Genotox #2: Lazutka, JR., Mierauskiene, J., Slapsyte, G., Dedonyte, V. Genotoxicity of dill (Anethum graveolens L.), peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) essential oils in human lymphocytes and Drosophila melanogaster. food and chemical toxicology, 2001, vol. 39, no. 5, p. 485–492. DOI: 10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00157-5. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

somatic mutation assay in Drosophila (CHD045TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Drosophila melanogaster (as animal) (A0CMC)
Sex:

No data
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

no data
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

genome mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

Essential oil induced mutations in an independent-dose manner at concentrations equal or higher to 0.25%.
Internal remarks:

positive induction of mutations in somatic cells of Drosophila
Internal ID:

WOS:000168638600009