EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Alfalfa infusion leaves // Medicago sativa L.

Family:: Fabaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 40806
Number of processed references:: 5

Compositions

Endpoint Studies

#1: Human infertility (coumestan, coumestrol) #2: Infertility and gastrotoxicity in animals (coumestan, coumestrol)

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Meadows, Robin. Bad taste protects fruit flies from eating a toxic amino acid in plants. plos biology, 2009, vol. 7, no. 6, p. No pp. given. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Canavanine (RF-00003991-PAR)
Additional substance description:

L-canavanine
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

L-canavanine in unspecified part

Composition #2: Chung, IM., Seigler, D., Miller, DA., Kyung, SH. Autotoxic compounds from fresh alfalfa leaf extracts: Identification and biological activity. journal of chemical ecology, 2000, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 315–327. DOI: 10.1023/A:1005466200919. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Salicylic acid (RF-00000241-VET)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Percent Area (G139A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.034 - 2.540
Internal remarks:

Salicylic acid in leaves

Composition #3: Paparella, Stefania., Tava, Aldo., Avato, Pinarosa., Biazzi, Elisa., Macovei, Anca., Biggiogera, Marco., Carbonera, Daniela., Balestrazzi, Alma. Cell wall integrity, genotoxic injury and PCD dynamics in alfalfa saponin-treated white poplar cells highlight a complex link between molecule structure and activity. phytochemistry, 2015, vol. 111, p. 114–123. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.01.008. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified (leaves and roots)
Substance:

pentacyclic triterpene saponins (RF-00004334-PAR)
Additional substance description:

hederagenin; medicagenic acid; zanhic acid; soyasapogenol B derived saponins
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

NMR + ESI-MS + GC-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

pentacyclic triterpene saponins in leaves and roots (hederagenin; medicagenic acid; zanhic acid; soyasapogenol B derived saponins)

Composition #4: Huybrechts, Bart., Callebaut, Alfons. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed on the Belgian market. food additives and contaminants part a-chemistry analysis control exposure & risk assessment, 2015, vol. 32, no. 11, p. 1939–1951. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1086821. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH/water/AcOH
Substance:

Intermedine (RF-00000227-TOX)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UHPLC/MS
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.10 - 1.2
Internal remarks:

Intermedine in unspecified part

Composition #5: Huybrechts, Bart., Callebaut, Alfons. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed on the Belgian market. food additives and contaminants part a-chemistry analysis control exposure & risk assessment, 2015, vol. 32, no. 11, p. 1939–1951. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1086821. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH/water/AcOH
Substance:

Monocrotaline (RF-00000238-TOX)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UHPLC/MS
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.30 - 6.90
Internal remarks:

Monocrotaline in unspecified part

Composition #6: Huybrechts, Bart., Callebaut, Alfons. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed on the Belgian market. food additives and contaminants part a-chemistry analysis control exposure & risk assessment, 2015, vol. 32, no. 11, p. 1939–1951. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1086821. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH/water/AcOH
Substance:

Lycopsamine (RF-00000228-TOX)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UHPLC/MS
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.2 - 1.4
Internal remarks:

Lycopsamine in unspecified part

Composition #7: Huybrechts, Bart., Callebaut, Alfons. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed on the Belgian market. food additives and contaminants part a-chemistry analysis control exposure & risk assessment, 2015, vol. 32, no. 11, p. 1939–1951. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1086821. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH/water/AcOH
Substance:

Lasiocarpine (RF-00000241-TOX)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UHPLC/MS
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.20
Internal remarks:

Lasiocarpine in unspecified part

Composition #8: Huybrechts, Bart., Callebaut, Alfons. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed on the Belgian market. food additives and contaminants part a-chemistry analysis control exposure & risk assessment, 2015, vol. 32, no. 11, p. 1939–1951. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1086821. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH/water/AcOH
Substance:

Retrorsine (RF-00000239-TOX)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UHPLC/MS
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

16.30 - 23.10
Internal remarks:

Retrorsine in unspecified part

Composition #9: Huybrechts, Bart., Callebaut, Alfons. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed on the Belgian market. food additives and contaminants part a-chemistry analysis control exposure & risk assessment, 2015, vol. 32, no. 11, p. 1939–1951. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1086821. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH/water/AcOH
Substance:

Senecionine (RF-00000232-TOX)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UHPLC/MS
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

15.40 - 27.70
Internal remarks:

Senecionine in unspecified part

Composition #10: Huybrechts, Bart., Callebaut, Alfons. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed on the Belgian market. food additives and contaminants part a-chemistry analysis control exposure & risk assessment, 2015, vol. 32, no. 11, p. 1939–1951. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1086821. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH/water/AcOH
Substance:

Monocrotaline (RF-00000238-TOX)
Additional substance description:

Monocrotaline-NO
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UHPLC/MS
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.20 - 0.50
Internal remarks:

Monocrotaline-NO in unspecified part

Composition #11: Huybrechts, Bart., Callebaut, Alfons. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed on the Belgian market. food additives and contaminants part a-chemistry analysis control exposure & risk assessment, 2015, vol. 32, no. 11, p. 1939–1951. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1086821. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH/water/AcOH
Substance:

Retrorsine (RF-00000239-TOX)
Additional substance description:

Retrorsine-NO
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UHPLC/MS
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.8 - 189
Internal remarks:

Retrorsine-NO in unspecified part

Composition #12: Huybrechts, Bart., Callebaut, Alfons. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed on the Belgian market. food additives and contaminants part a-chemistry analysis control exposure & risk assessment, 2015, vol. 32, no. 11, p. 1939–1951. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1086821. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH/water/AcOH
Substance:

Echimidine (RF-00000276-TOX)
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UHPLC/MS
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

23.30
Internal remarks:

Echimidine in unspecified part

Composition #13: Huybrechts, Bart., Callebaut, Alfons. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed on the Belgian market. food additives and contaminants part a-chemistry analysis control exposure & risk assessment, 2015, vol. 32, no. 11, p. 1939–1951. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1086821. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH/water/AcOH
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Additional substance description:

senecyphylline
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UHPLC/MS
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

16.40 - 42.40
Internal remarks:

Seneciphylline in unspecified part

Composition #14: Huybrechts, Bart., Callebaut, Alfons. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed on the Belgian market. food additives and contaminants part a-chemistry analysis control exposure & risk assessment, 2015, vol. 32, no. 11, p. 1939–1951. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1086821. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH/water/AcOH
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Additional substance description:

Seneciphylline-NO
Analytical method code:

UHPLC-MS-MS (F608A)
Analytical method - additional description:

UHPLC/MS
Result unit:

Nanogram/gram (G076A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

9.60 - 104.30
Internal remarks:

Seneciphylline-NO in unspecified part

Endpoint study #1: Khan, Rehman Ullah., Mehmood, Sultan., Khan, Saad Ullah. Toxic effect of common poisonous plants of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57–67. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Isoflavonoids Isoflavonoids (RF-00000439-NTR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

REPRODUCTIVE (TOX05A)
Effect description:

Human infertility
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

reproduction (CHD014BE)
Internal remarks:

Human infertility (coumestan, coumestrol)

Endpoint study #2: Khan, Rehman Ullah., Mehmood, Sultan., Khan, Saad Ullah. Toxic effect of common poisonous plants of district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57–67. .

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Animals (as animal) (A04SF)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Other toxicities (TOX19A)
Effect description:

Cattle: infertility and bloat, Chickens: weight gain reduced, Sheep: bloat, infertility, erythema, skin peeling off.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Infertility and gastrotoxicity in animals (coumestan, coumestrol)