EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Cassava (as plant) // Manihot esculenta Crantz // Manihot utilissima Pohl

Family:: Euphorbiaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 16562
Number of processed references:: 7

Compositions

#1: cyanides in raw cassava powder #2: hydrocyanic acid in tubers #3: cyanogenic compounds in tubers

Endpoint Studies

#1: non-fatal poisoning in humans #2: fatal poisoning in humans #3: damage of vital organs in rats #4: Multi-system organ failure toxidrome (histotoxic) in humans #5: poisoning signs in sheep #6: a slower rate of weight gain in rats on the cassava-flour diet

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Fukushima, Andre Rinaldi., Nicoletti, Maria Aparecida., Rodrigues, Almir Junior., Pressutti, Caroline., Almeida, Jeandro., Brandao, Tamires., Ito, Rosilene Kinue., Leoni, Luis Antonio Bafille., Spinosa, Helenice De Souza. Cassava flour: quantification of cyanide content. food and nutrition sciences, 2016, vol. 7, no. 7, p. 592–599. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Powder (A06JD)
Substance:

Cyanide (RF-00000021-CHE)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

28 - 45
Internal remarks:

cyanides in raw cassava powder

Composition #2: Cressey, Peter., Saunders, Darren., Goodman, Janet. Cyanogenic glycosides in plant-based foods available in New Zealand. food additives and contaminants part a-chemistry analysis control exposure & risk assessment, 2013, vol. 30, no. 11, p. 1946–1953. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.825819. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Additional extraction description:

acid hydrolysis
Substance:

Hydrogen cyanide (cyanides expressed as hydrogen cyanide) (RF-0243-001-PPP)
Additional substance description:

hydrocyanic acid
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

colourimetric determination
Result unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

21
Internal remarks:

hydrocyanic acid in tubers

Composition #3: Silva, Valdir C., de Oliveira, Luciana A., Lacerda, Maira dos S. C., Pimentel, Luciano A., Santos, Wiles S., e Macedo, Juliana Targino S. A., Riet-Correa, Franklin., Pedroso, Pedro M. O. Experimental poisoning by cassava wastewater in sheep. pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 2017, vol. 37, no. 11, p. 1241–1246. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-736X2017001100008. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

waste water from technological treatment
Substance:

Cyanogenic glycosides (RF-00004375-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry (F008A)
Analytical method - additional description:

spectrophotometry
Result unit:

Microgram/millilitre (G052A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

71.69
Internal remarks:

cyanogenic compounds in tubers

Endpoint study #1: Akintonwa, Alade., Tunwashe, O., Onifade, A. Fatal and non-fatal acute poisoning attributed to cassava-based meal. acta horticulturae, 1994, vol. 1994), p. 285–288. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Cyanide (RF-00000021-CHE)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Additional plant/substance description:

unspecified
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Number of organisms dosed:

17
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

Digestive (TOX18A)
Target tissue:

Digestive (TT002A)
Effect description:

abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, diarrhea
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

non-fatal poisoning in humans

Endpoint study #2: Akintonwa, Alade., Tunwashe, O., Onifade, A. Fatal and non-fatal acute poisoning attributed to cassava-based meal. acta horticulturae, 1994, vol. 1994), p. 285–288. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Cyanide (RF-00000021-CHE)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Additional plant/substance description:

unspecified
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Number of organisms dosed:

8
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

acute renal failure and cardio-pulmonary arrest
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

fatal poisoning in humans

Endpoint study #3: Adam Shama, I.Y., Ahmed Wasma, A.A. Evaluation of the toxicity of manihot esculenta on wistar rats after traditional sudanese processing. journal of pharmacology and toxicology, 2011, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 418–426. DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2011.418.426. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Cyanogenic glycosides (RF-00004375-PAR)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

methanol + water
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Limit test:

No data
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

30
Control groups used:

yes, concurrent no treatment
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligrams per kilogram body weight per day (G211A)
Effect concentration:

75 - 300
Critical effect:

HEMOPOIETIC (TOX10A)
Effect description:

alteration in serobiochemical and hematological parameters, damage of vital organs, inflammation necrosis, fatty changes and haemorrhage
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

damage of vital organs in rats

Endpoint study #4: Sriapha, Charuwan., Tongpoo, Achara., Wongvisavakorn, Sunun., Rittilert, Panee., Trakulsrichai, Satariya., Srisuma, Sahaphume., Wananukul, Winai. PLANT POISONING IN THAILAND: A 10-YEAR ANALYSIS FROM RAMATHIBODI POISON CENTER. southeast asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 2015, vol. 46, no. 6, p. 1063–1076. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

linamarin (RF-00003902-PAR)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Additional plant/substance description:

unspecified
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Number of organisms dosed:

171
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Effect description:

Altered mental status, plant seizures, cardiovascular collapse, multisystem organ failure. (171 intoxication cases between 2001 and 2010, among them 6 deaths)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

histopathology non neoplastic (CHD025BE)
Internal remarks:

Multi-system organ failure toxidrome (histotoxic) in humans

Endpoint study #5: Silva, Valdir C., de Oliveira, Luciana A., Lacerda, Maira dos S. C., Pimentel, Luciano A., Santos, Wiles S., e Macedo, Juliana Targino S. A., Riet-Correa, Franklin., Pedroso, Pedro M. O. Experimental poisoning by cassava wastewater in sheep. pesquisa veterinaria brasileira, 2017, vol. 37, no. 11, p. 1241–1246. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-736X2017001100008. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

Cyanogenic glycosides (RF-00004375-PAR)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Additional plant/substance description:

waste water
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

Yes
Tested organism:

Sheep (as animal) (A057G)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration:

5.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Minute (G074A)
Number of organisms dosed:

6
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

0.23 - 0.46
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

severe signs including tachycardia, tachypnea, dilated pupils, drooling, dilated nostrils, engorged episcleral vessels, ataxia, weakness, muscle tremors, ruminal atony and bloa
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

poisoning signs in sheep

Endpoint study #6: AKANJI, AO., FAMUYIWA, OO. THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC CASSAVA CONSUMPTION, CYANIDE INTOXICATION AND PROTEIN-MALNUTRITION ON GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE IN GROWING RATS. british journal of nutrition, 1993, vol. 69, no. 1, p. 269–276. DOI: 10.1079/BJN19930028. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts used as staple food (as part-nature) (A0F5F)
Additional plant/substance description:

unspecified
Type of toxicological test:

subchronic (CHD013TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

4.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Week (G205A)
Number of organisms dosed:

12
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram/kilogram (G015A)
Effect concentration:

556 - 747
Critical effect:

NONE (TOX14A)
Effect description:

a slower rate of weight gain in the protein-malnourished rats (cassava flour diet)
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

body weight (CHD005BE)
Internal remarks:

a slower rate of weight gain in rats on the cassava-flour diet