EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Mandragora officinarum L.

Family:: Solanaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 61
Number of processed references:: 8

Compositions

#1: isoeugenol in fruits #2: Cynnamyl alcohol in fruits #3: eugenol in fruits #4: Tropane alkaloids in roots #5: cuscohygrine in roots #6: atropine in roots #7: alkaloids in roots #8: scopine in roots #9: apoatropine in roots #10: coumarins (herniarin, umbelliferon, scopoletin, scopolin) in different parts of plants #11: Angelicin in different parts of plants #12: Withanolides (mandragorolide A, mandragorolide B, larnaxolide A, withanolide B, datura lactone 2, withanicandrin and salpichrolide C) (WHOLE PLANT) #13: scopolamine in fruit #14: hyoscyamine in fruit #15: iso-Eugenol in Berries #16: Eugenol in Berries #17: calystegine A in roots, leaves, spring leaves , flowers and fruits #18: calystegine B1 and B2 in roots, leaves, spring leaves , flowers and fruits

Endpoint Studies

#1: case report: nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, dryness of mouth, headache, instability in walking and vomiting, severe and persistent supraventricular tachycardia #2: anticholinergic syndrome ( nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, agitation, aggression, and hallucinations) #3: anticholinergic syndrome ( nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, agitation, aggression, and hallucinations)

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Fleisher, Z., Fleisher, A. The odoriferous principles of mandrake, Mandragora officinarum L.: Aromatic plants of the holy land and the Sinai. Part IX. journal of essential oil research, 1992, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 187–188. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.1992.9698041. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

dichloromethane
Substance:

Isoeugenol (RF-00002916-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.63
Internal remarks:

isoeugenol in fruits

Composition #2: Fleisher, Z., Fleisher, A. The odoriferous principles of mandrake, Mandragora officinarum L.: Aromatic plants of the holy land and the Sinai. Part IX. journal of essential oil research, 1992, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 187–188. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.1992.9698041. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

dichloromethane
Substance:

Cinnamyl alcohol (RF-00010111-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.93
Internal remarks:

Cynnamyl alcohol in fruits

Composition #3: Fleisher, Z., Fleisher, A. The odoriferous principles of mandrake, Mandragora officinarum L.: Aromatic plants of the holy land and the Sinai. Part IX. journal of essential oil research, 1992, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 187–188. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.1992.9698041. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

dichloromethane
Substance:

Eugenol (RF-00003807-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.37
Internal remarks:

eugenol in fruits

Composition #4: Liersch, R. Mandragora - Portrait of a medicinal plant Mandragora - Porträt einer arzneipflanze . zeitschrift fur phytotherapie, 2006, vol. 27, no. 2, p. 98–102. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-942771. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Substance:

Tropane alkaloids (RF-00000245-TOX)
Additional substance description:

Atropin, Hyoscyamin, Scopolamin, Cuscohygrin, Apoatropin, N-Oxide Hyoscyamin and Scopolamin
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.2-0.6
Internal remarks:

Tropane alkaloids in roots

Composition #5: Hanus, LO., Rezanka, T., Spizek, J., Dembitsky, VM. Substances isolated from Mandragora species. phytochemistry, 2005, vol. 66, no. 20, p. 2408–2417. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.07.016. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

cuscohygrine (RF-00003758-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

cuscohygrine in roots

Composition #6: Hanus, LO., Rezanka, T., Spizek, J., Dembitsky, VM. Substances isolated from Mandragora species. phytochemistry, 2005, vol. 66, no. 20, p. 2408–2417. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.07.016. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

Atropine (RF-00000246-TOX)
Additional substance description:

atropine
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

atropine in roots

Composition #7: Hanus, LO., Rezanka, T., Spizek, J., Dembitsky, VM. Substances isolated from Mandragora species. phytochemistry, 2005, vol. 66, no. 20, p. 2408–2417. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.07.016. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Additional substance description:

belladonnine, norhyoscyamine
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

alkaloids in roots

Composition #8: Hanus, LO., Rezanka, T., Spizek, J., Dembitsky, VM. Substances isolated from Mandragora species. phytochemistry, 2005, vol. 66, no. 20, p. 2408–2417. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.07.016. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

Scopine (RF-00004717-PAR)
Additional substance description:

scopine
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

scopine in roots

Composition #9: Hanus, LO., Rezanka, T., Spizek, J., Dembitsky, VM. Substances isolated from Mandragora species. phytochemistry, 2005, vol. 66, no. 20, p. 2408–2417. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.07.016. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

Apoatropine (RF-00004697-PAR)
Additional substance description:

apoatropine
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

apoatropine in roots

Composition #10: Hanus, LO., Rezanka, T., Spizek, J., Dembitsky, VM. Substances isolated from Mandragora species. phytochemistry, 2005, vol. 66, no. 20, p. 2408–2417. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.07.016. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

herniarin, umbelliferon, scopoletin, scopolin
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

coumarins (herniarin, umbelliferon, scopoletin, scopolin) in different parts of plants

Composition #11: Hanus, LO., Rezanka, T., Spizek, J., Dembitsky, VM. Substances isolated from Mandragora species. phytochemistry, 2005, vol. 66, no. 20, p. 2408–2417. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.07.016. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Unspecified (A07XD)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

angelicin (RF-00004146-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Angelicin in different parts of plants

Composition #12: Suleiman, Rami K., Abu Zarga, Musa., Sabri, Salim S. New withanolides from Mandragora officinarum: First report of withanolides from the Genus Mandragora . fitoterapia, 2010, vol. 81, no. 7, p. 864–868. DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.05.013. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

Withanolides (RF-00011538-PAR)
Additional substance description:

mandragorolide A, mandragorolide B, larnaxolide A, withanolide B, datura lactone 2, withanicandrin and salpichrolide C
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

HR-ESI-MS; NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Withanolides (mandragorolide A, mandragorolide B, larnaxolide A, withanolide B, datura lactone 2, withanicandrin and salpichrolide C) (WHOLE PLANT)

Composition #13: Nikolaou, Panagiota., Papoutsis, Ioannis., Stefanidou, Maria., Dona, Artemis., Maravelias, Constantinos., Spiliopoulou, Chara., Athanaselis, Sotirios. ACCIDENTAL POISONING AFTER INGESTION OF "APHRODISIAC" BERRIES: DIAGNOSIS BY ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY . journal of emergency medicine, 2012, vol. 42, no. 6, p. 662–665. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.03.023. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Substance:

Scopolamine (RF-00000248-TOX)
Additional substance description:

scopolamine
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (Q) (F344A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.7
Internal remarks:

scopolamine in fruit

Composition #14: Nikolaou, Panagiota., Papoutsis, Ioannis., Stefanidou, Maria., Dona, Artemis., Maravelias, Constantinos., Spiliopoulou, Chara., Athanaselis, Sotirios. ACCIDENTAL POISONING AFTER INGESTION OF "APHRODISIAC" BERRIES: DIAGNOSIS BY ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY . journal of emergency medicine, 2012, vol. 42, no. 6, p. 662–665. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.03.023. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Substance:

Hyoscyamine (RF-00000247-TOX)
Additional substance description:

hyoscyamine
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (Q) (F344A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

25.6
Internal remarks:

hyoscyamine in fruit

Composition #15: FLEISHER, A., FLEISHER, Z. THE FRAGRANCE OF BIBLICAL MANDRAKE. economic botany, 1994, vol. 48, no. 3, p. 243–251. DOI: 10.1007/BF02862323. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

dichloromethane
Substance:

Isoeugenol (RF-00002916-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.63
Internal remarks:

iso-Eugenol in Berries

Composition #16: FLEISHER, A., FLEISHER, Z. THE FRAGRANCE OF BIBLICAL MANDRAKE. economic botany, 1994, vol. 48, no. 3, p. 243–251. DOI: 10.1007/BF02862323. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

dichloromethane
Substance:

Eugenol (RF-00003807-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.37
Internal remarks:

Eugenol in Berries

Composition #17: Drager, B., vanAlmsick, A., Mrachatz, G. Distribution of calystegines in several Solanaceae. planta medica, 1995, vol. 61, no. 6, p. 577–579. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959381. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

50% MeOH/H50
Substance:

calystegine A (RF-00004455-PAR)
Additional substance description:

calystegine A
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GS; GS-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

calystegine A in roots, leaves, spring leaves , flowers and fruits

Composition #18: Drager, B., vanAlmsick, A., Mrachatz, G. Distribution of calystegines in several Solanaceae. planta medica, 1995, vol. 61, no. 6, p. 577–579. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959381. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

50% MeOH/H50
Substance:

calystegine B (RF-00004456-PAR)
Additional substance description:

calystegine B1 and B2
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

GS; GS-MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

calystegine B1 and B2 in roots, leaves, spring leaves , flowers and fruits

Endpoint study #1: Tsiligianni, Ioanna G., Vasilopoulos, Theodoros K., Papadokostakis, Polyvios K., Arseni, Georgia K., Eleni, Astrinaki., Lionis, Christos D. A two cases clinical report of mandragora poisoning in primary care in Crete, Greece: two case report. . cases journal, 2009, vol. 2, p. 9331–9331. DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-2-9331. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Tropane alkaloids (RF-00000245-TOX)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male/Female
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, dryness of mouth, headache, instability in walking and vomiting, peripheral symptoms of the anticholinergic syndrome, especially a severe and the persistent supraventricular tachycardia
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

case report: nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, dryness of mouth, headache, instability in walking and vomiting, severe and persistent supraventricular tachycardia

Endpoint study #2: Nikolaou, Panagiota., Papoutsis, Ioannis., Stefanidou, Maria., Dona, Artemis., Maravelias, Constantinos., Spiliopoulou, Chara., Athanaselis, Sotirios. ACCIDENTAL POISONING AFTER INGESTION OF "APHRODISIAC" BERRIES: DIAGNOSIS BY ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY . journal of emergency medicine, 2012, vol. 42, no. 6, p. 662–665. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.03.023. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Hyoscyamine (RF-00000247-TOX)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Additional plant/substance description:

5 berries
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Microgram/litre (G051A)
Effect concentration:

539.8
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

anticholinergic syndrome (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, agitation, aggression, and hallucinations), mydriasis, dry mouth and skin, hyperthermie, tachycardia (heart rate 110 beats/min), and increased blood pressure (155/95 mm Hg).
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

urinalysis (CHD029BE)
Internal remarks:

anticholinergic syndrome ( nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, agitation, aggression, and hallucinations)

Endpoint study #3: Nikolaou, Panagiota., Papoutsis, Ioannis., Stefanidou, Maria., Dona, Artemis., Maravelias, Constantinos., Spiliopoulou, Chara., Athanaselis, Sotirios. ACCIDENTAL POISONING AFTER INGESTION OF "APHRODISIAC" BERRIES: DIAGNOSIS BY ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY . journal of emergency medicine, 2012, vol. 42, no. 6, p. 662–665. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.03.023. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Scopolamine (RF-00000248-TOX)
Plant part:

Fruit unspecified (as part-nature) (A067D)
Additional plant/substance description:

5 berries
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Hour (G099A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Concentration level (CHD013EP)
Concentration unit:

Microgram/litre (G051A)
Effect concentration:

32.7
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

anticholinergic syndrome (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, agitation, aggression, and hallucinations), mydriasis, dry mouth and skin, hyperthermie, tachycardia (heart rate 110 beats/min), and increased blood pressure (155/95 mm Hg).
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

urinalysis (CHD029BE)
Internal remarks:

anticholinergic syndrome ( nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, agitation, aggression, and hallucinations)