EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Lolium temulentum L.

Family:: Poaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 785
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: Lolines ( pyrrolizidine alkaloids ) #2: Loline, lolinine, lolinidine, temuline and temulentine ( pyrrolizidine alkaloid ) in seeds

Endpoint Studies

#1: Respiratory inflammation and disturbances, asthma and bronchitis #2: deep hypothermia; cardiovascular arrest and progressive dyspnoea until death appeared #3: weariness; dizziness; cold sweats; limbs tremor; forehead headaches; propensity to sleep; digestions problems and nausea; lack of appetite; dry mouth; drop on body temperature; cold shivers and bradycardia. #4: CNS depression in rats and mice

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Roeder, E., Wiedenfeld, H. Plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids used in the Traditional Indian medicine - Including Ayurveda. pharmazie, 2013, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 83–92. DOI: 10.1691/ph.2013.2706. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

unspecified
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Additional substance description:

loline and derivatives
Analytical method code:

Unspecified (F598A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Lolines ( pyrrolizidine alkaloids )

Composition #2: Hammouda, F.M., Rizk, A.M., El-Missiry, M.M., Ghaleb, H.A., Madkour, M.K., Pohland, A.E., Wood, G. Poisonous plants contaminating edible ones and toxic substances in plant foods IV. Phytochemistry and toxicity of lolium temulentum. pharmaceutical biology, 1988, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 240–245. DOI: 10.3109/13880208809053926. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH
Substance:

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (RF-00000230-TOX)
Additional substance description:

loline, lolinine, lolinidine, temuline and temulentine
Analytical method code:

Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography) (F016A)
Analytical method - additional description:

MS; NMR
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Loline, lolinine, lolinidine, temuline and temulentine ( pyrrolizidine alkaloid ) in seeds

Endpoint study #1: Al-Qura'n, S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk toxic plants in southern part of Jordan. toxicon, 2005, vol. 46, no. 2, p. 119–129. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.04.010. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Type of toxicological test:

not reported (CHD015TT)
Guideline used:

No guideline available
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

No data
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

PULMONARY AND CARDIAC (TOX08A)
Target tissue:

Respiratory (TT005A)
Effect description:

Respiratory inflammation and disturbances, asthma and bronchitis.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

not reported (CHD030BE)
Internal remarks:

Respiratory inflammation and disturbances, asthma and bronchitis

Endpoint study #2: Antze, P. Lolium temulentum in pharmakognostischer, chemischer, physiologischer und toxikologischer Hinsicht. archiv für experimentelle pathologie und pharmakologie, 1891, vol. 28, no. 1-2, p. 126–144. DOI: 10.1007/BF01949662. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

H2O
Type of toxicological test:

other (CHD008TT)
Guideline used:

No guideline available
Tested organism:

Rabbit (as animal) (A057T)
Strain of test organism:

Not reported (CHDXXXST)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Endpoint measured:

Lowest lethal dose (CHD025EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram (G148A)
Effect concentration:

10.0
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

cardiovascular / haematological: Heart (TT011A)
Effect description:

deep hypothermia; cardiovascular arrest and progressive dyspnoea until death appeared
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

deep hypothermia; cardiovascular arrest and progressive dyspnoea until death appeared

Endpoint study #3: Antze, P. Lolium temulentum in pharmakognostischer, chemischer, physiologischer und toxikologischer Hinsicht. archiv für experimentelle pathologie und pharmakologie, 1891, vol. 28, no. 1-2, p. 126–144. DOI: 10.1007/BF01949662. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

H2O2/ Alcohol
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Guideline used:

No guideline available
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Neurologic (TT004A)
Effect description:

weariness; dizziness; cold sweats; limbs tremor; forehead headaches; propensity to sleep; digestions problems and nausea; lack of appetite; dry mouth; drop on body temperature; cold shivers and bradycardia.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

weariness; dizziness; cold sweats; limbs tremor; forehead headaches; propensity to sleep; digestions problems and nausea; lack of appetite; dry mouth; drop on body temperature; cold shivers and bradycardia.

Endpoint study #4: Hammouda, F.M., Rizk, A.M., El-Missiry, M.M., Ghaleb, H.A., Madkour, M.K., Pohland, A.E., Wood, G. Poisonous plants contaminating edible ones and toxic substances in plant foods IV. Phytochemistry and toxicity of lolium temulentum. pharmaceutical biology, 1988, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 240–245. DOI: 10.3109/13880208809053926. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

EtOH
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Guideline used:

No guideline available
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Not reported (CHDXXXST)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

CNS depression
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

neurology (CHD027BE)
Internal remarks:

CNS depression in rats and mice