EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Maca (as plant) // Lepidium meyenii Walp. // Lepidium peruvianum G.Chacón

Family:: Brassicaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 918
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: lepidiline A in roots #2: isopteropodine #3: lepidiline B in roots #4: benzylglucosinolate in fresh and dried leaves and hypocotyls #5: glucotropaeolin in roots #6: Benzylisothiocyanate in roots #7: (1R,3S)-1-methyltetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid in roots #8: Benzaldehyde in aerial parts (essential oil) #9: (1R,3S)-1-methyltetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA) #10: p-methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate in maca extracts

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Valerio, Luis G Jr., Gonzales, Gustavo F. Toxicological aspects of the South American herbs cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) and Maca (Lepidium meyenii) : a critical synopsis. . toxicological reviews, 2005, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 11–35. DOI: 10.2165/00139709-200524010-00002. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Substance:

lepidiline A (RF-00004473-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

lepidiline A in roots

Composition #2: Valerio, Luis G Jr., Gonzales, Gustavo F. Toxicological aspects of the South American herbs cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) and Maca (Lepidium meyenii) : a critical synopsis. . toxicological reviews, 2005, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 11–35. DOI: 10.2165/00139709-200524010-00002. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Stem / stalk (as part-nature) (A067S)
Substance:

indole alkaloids (RF-00004503-PAR)
Additional substance description:

isopteropodine in hypocotyl
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

isopteropodine

Composition #3: Valerio, Luis G Jr., Gonzales, Gustavo F. Toxicological aspects of the South American herbs cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) and Maca (Lepidium meyenii) : a critical synopsis. . toxicological reviews, 2005, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 11–35. DOI: 10.2165/00139709-200524010-00002. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Substance:

lepidiline B (RF-00004474-PAR)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

lepidiline B in roots

Composition #4: Valerio, Luis G Jr., Gonzales, Gustavo F. Toxicological aspects of the South American herbs cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) and Maca (Lepidium meyenii) : a critical synopsis. . toxicological reviews, 2005, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 11–35. DOI: 10.2165/00139709-200524010-00002. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional extraction description:

not specified
Substance:

Benzyl glucosinolates (RF-00009180-PAR)
Additional substance description:

benzylglucosinolate (glucotropaeolin), p-methoxybenzylglucosinolate, and m-methoxybenzylglucosinolate
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

benzylglucosinolate in fresh and dried leaves and hypocotyls

Composition #5: Piacente, S., Carbone, V., Plaza, A., Zampelli, A., Pizza, C. Investigation of the tuber constituents of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp). journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2002, vol. 50, no. 20, p. 5621–5625. DOI: 10.1021/jf020280x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

glucotropaeolin (RF-00010868-PAR)
Additional substance description:

glucotropaeolin and m-Methoxyglucotropaeolin
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Analytical method - additional description:

1 H NMR ; ESIMS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

glucotropaeolin in roots

Composition #6: Piacente, S., Carbone, V., Plaza, A., Zampelli, A., Pizza, C. Investigation of the tuber constituents of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp). journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2002, vol. 50, no. 20, p. 5621–5625. DOI: 10.1021/jf020280x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

hexane
Substance:

Isothiocyanates (RF-00010827-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Benzylisothiocyanate and m-Methoxybenzylisothiocyanate
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Analytical method - additional description:

1 H NMR ; GS-MS
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Benzylisothiocyanate in roots

Composition #7: Piacente, S., Carbone, V., Plaza, A., Zampelli, A., Pizza, C. Investigation of the tuber constituents of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp). journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2002, vol. 50, no. 20, p. 5621–5625. DOI: 10.1021/jf020280x. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

carboline alkaloids (RF-00004384-PAR)
Additional substance description:

(1R,3S)-1-methyltetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid
Analytical method code:

HPLC with standard detection methods (F019A)
Analytical method - additional description:

1 H NMR ; ESIMS
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

(1R,3S)-1-methyltetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid in roots

Composition #8: Tellez, MR., Khan, IA., Kobaisy, M., Schrader, KK., Dayan, FE., Osbrink, W. Composition of the essential oil of Lepidium meyenii (Walp.). phytochemistry, 2002, vol. 61, no. 2, p. 149–155. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00208-X. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

Hydrodistillation
Substance:

Benzaldehyde (RF-00008323-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent Area (G139A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

3.1
Internal remarks:

Benzaldehyde in aerial parts (essential oil)

Composition #9: Corazza, Ornella., Martinotti, Giovanni., Santacroce, Rita., Chillemi, Eleonora., Di Giannantonio, Massimo., Schifano, Fabrizio., Cellek, Selim. Sexual Enhancement Products for Sale Online: Raising Awareness of the Psychoactive Effects of Yohimbine, Maca, Horny Goat Weed, and Ginkgo biloba . biomed research international, 2014 . DOI: 10.1155/2014/841798. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Substance:

carboline alkaloids (RF-00004384-PAR)
Additional substance description:

(1R,3S)-1-methyltetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

(1R,3S)-1-methyltetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA)

Composition #10: Corazza, Ornella., Martinotti, Giovanni., Santacroce, Rita., Chillemi, Eleonora., Di Giannantonio, Massimo., Schifano, Fabrizio., Cellek, Selim. Sexual Enhancement Products for Sale Online: Raising Awareness of the Psychoactive Effects of Yohimbine, Maca, Horny Goat Weed, and Ginkgo biloba . biomed research international, 2014 . DOI: 10.1155/2014/841798. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Substance:

Isothiocyanates (RF-00010827-PAR)
Additional substance description:

p-methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

p-methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate in maca extracts