EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Lawsonia inermis L. // Lawsonia alba Lam.

Family:: Lythraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 1378
Number of processed references:: 9

Compositions

#1: alkaloids in leaves #2: saponins in leaves #3: Coumaric acid in leaves #4: Umbelliferone in leaves #5: Lawsone in leaves #6: 1,4-naphtoquinones in flowers #7: bicoumarin A in flowers

Endpoint Studies

#1: hemolytic anemia in human #2: Kidney failure in humans #3: Case study, renal failure in humans #4: Mortality, liver, kidney toxicity in rats

Genotoxicity

#1: Positive Ames test TA102 #2: Positive Ames test TA 98 #3: mouse bone marrow study weakly positive at 72 h (2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone)

Composition #1: Bello, S.O., Bashar, I., Muhammad, B.Y., Onyeyili, P. Acute toxicity and uterotonic activity of aqueous extract of Lawsonia inermis (Lythraceae). research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences, 2010, vol. 1, no. 3, p. 790–798. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous extract
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.7
Internal remarks:

alkaloids in leaves

Composition #2: Bello, S.O., Bashar, I., Muhammad, B.Y., Onyeyili, P. Acute toxicity and uterotonic activity of aqueous extract of Lawsonia inermis (Lythraceae). research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences, 2010, vol. 1, no. 3, p. 790–798. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

aqueous extract
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.65
Internal remarks:

saponins in leaves

Composition #3: Kumar, M., Kumar, S., Kaur, S. Identification of polyphenols in leaf extracts of Lawsonia inermis L. with antioxidant, antigenotoxic and antiproliferative potential. international journal of green pharmacy, 2014, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 23–36. DOI: 10.4103/0973-8258.126816. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

80% methanol
Substance:

p-coumaric acid (RF-00010717-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Coumaric acid
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Coumaric acid in leaves

Composition #4: Kumar, M., Kumar, S., Kaur, S. Identification of polyphenols in leaf extracts of Lawsonia inermis L. with antioxidant, antigenotoxic and antiproliferative potential. international journal of green pharmacy, 2014, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 23–36. DOI: 10.4103/0973-8258.126816. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

80% methanol
Substance:

umbelliferone (RF-00004096-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Umbelliferone in leaves

Composition #5: Ei-Shaer, Nagwa S., Badr, Jihan M., Aboul-Ela, Maha A., Gohar, Yousry M. Determination of lawsone in henna powders by high performance thin layer chromatography . journal of separation science, 2007, vol. 30, no. 18, p. 3311–3315. DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700223. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

H2O with Na2CO3, further CHCl3
Substance:

Lawsone (RF-00004281-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Gelpermeation, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) (F017A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.004 - 0.608
Internal remarks:

Lawsone in leaves

Composition #6: Li, Qian., Gao, Wenqin., Cao, Jiaqing., Bi, Xiuli., Chen, Gang., Zhang, Xiaoshu., Xia, Xichun., Zhao, Yuqing. New cytotoxic compounds from flowers of Lawsonia inermis L.. fitoterapia, 2014, vol. 94, p. 148–154. DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.02.007. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

75% ethanol
Substance:

Naphthoquinones (RF-00010839-PAR)
Additional substance description:

1,4-naphtoquinones (biflavonoid A, biquinone A, balsaminone A , 2-methoxyl-1,4-naphthoquinone)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

ms, uv, ir
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

1,4-naphtoquinones in flowers

Composition #7: Li, Qian., Gao, Wenqin., Cao, Jiaqing., Bi, Xiuli., Chen, Gang., Zhang, Xiaoshu., Xia, Xichun., Zhao, Yuqing. New cytotoxic compounds from flowers of Lawsonia inermis L.. fitoterapia, 2014, vol. 94, p. 148–154. DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.02.007. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Flower (as part-nature) (A067B)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

75% ethanol
Substance:

coumarins (RF-00004351-PAR)
Additional substance description:

bicoumarin A
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

ms, uv, ir
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

bicoumarin A in flowers

Endpoint study #1: Perinet, I., Lioson, E., Tichadou, L., Glaizal, M., de Haro, L. Hemolytic anemia after voluntary ingestion of henna (Lawsonia inermis) decoction by a young girl with G6PD deficiency . . medecine tropicale : revue du corps de sante colonial, 2011, vol. 71, no. 3, p. 292–4. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

fresh leaves water decoction
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Unit (G005A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Cardiovascular / Haematological (TT001A)
Effect description:

severe hemolytic anemia after voluntary ingestion of Henna decoction to induce abortion, G6PD-deficient individual
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

haematology (CHD023BE)
Internal remarks:

hemolytic anemia in human

Endpoint study #2: Qurashi, Hala E A., Qumqumji, Abbas A A., Zacharia, Yasir. Acute renal failure and intravascular hemolysis following henna ingestion. . saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the saudi center for organ transplantation, saudi arabia, 2013, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 553–6. .

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Additional plant/substance description:

no data
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Unit (G005A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

NEPHROTOXICITY (TOX03A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

jaundice, kidney failure
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Kidney failure in humans

Endpoint study #3: Rund, Deborah., Schaap, Tova., Da'as, Nael., Yehuda, Dina Ben., Kalish, Joseph. Plasma exchange as treatment for lawsone (henna) intoxication. journal of clinical apheresis, 2007, vol. 22, no. 4, p. 243–245. DOI: 10.1002/jca.20128. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Raw, no heat treatment (A07HS)
Additional plant/substance description:

crushed leaves, no more info on preparation, 2 teaspoons
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Unit (G005A)
Number of organisms dosed:

1
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

urogenital: Kidneys (TT046A)
Effect description:

jaundice, hemolysis, renal failure, cardiac ischemia
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

Case study, renal failure in humans

Endpoint study #4: Ei-Shaer, Nagwa S., Badr, Jihan M., Aboul-Ela, Maha A., Gohar, Yousry M. Determination of lawsone in henna powders by high performance thin layer chromatography . journal of separation science, 2007, vol. 30, no. 18, p. 3311–3315. DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700223. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Substance:

Lawsone (RF-00004281-PAR)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

10-g portion of leaf powder extracted with polyethylene glycol
Type of toxicological test:

short-term toxicity (CHD017TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Sex:

Male
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

21.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

18
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Gram (G148A)
Effect concentration:

10
Critical effect:

HEPATOTOXICITY (TOX02A)
Target tissue:

digestive: Liver (TT023A)
Effect description:

blood samples: elevated ALT, AST, elevated creatinin, uric acid. Mortality.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

Mortality, liver, kidney toxicity in rats

Genotox #1: Mahmoud, I., Alkofahi, A., Abdelaziz, A. Mutagenic and toxic activities of several spices and some jordanian medicinal plants. pharmaceutical biology, 1992, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 81–85. DOI: 10.3109/13880209209053961. [DOI link]

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 102 (CHD025ST)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

weakly positive
Internal remarks:

Positive Ames test TA102
Internal ID:

eid=2-s2.0-84907105429

Genotox #2: Mahmoud, I., Alkofahi, A., Abdelaziz, A. Mutagenic and toxic activities of several spices and some jordanian medicinal plants. pharmaceutical biology, 1992, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 81–85. DOI: 10.3109/13880209209053961. [DOI link]

Study category:

Mutagenicity
Type of toxicological test:

bacterial reverse mutation assay (CHD028TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Salmonella typhimurium (as organism) (A0CPZ)
Strain of test organism:

TA 98 (CHD029ST)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

gene mutation
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

weakly positive
Internal remarks:

Positive Ames test TA 98
Internal ID:

eid=2-s2.0-84907105429

Genotox #3: Kirkland, D., Marzin, D. An assessment of the genotoxicity of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, the natural dye ingredient of Henna . mutation research-genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis, 2003, vol. 537, no. 2, p. 183–199. DOI: 10.1016/S1383-5718(03)00077-9. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

micronucleus assay (CHD051TT)
Method type:

in vivo
Guideline used:

According to
Guideline:

OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test) (OECD1290PL)
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Strain of test organism:

NMRI (CHD004ST)
Sex:

Male/Female
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

not applicable
Route of exposure:

ORAL: GAVAGE (OECD2231PL)
Exposure duration for in vivo:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Unit (G005A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

chromosome aberration
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

study with 2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (principal dye, 1-1.4% in leaves of L.inermis), weakly positive, highest dose tested at 72 h (sampling point not retained in later revisions of OECD guideline)
Internal remarks:

mouse bone marrow study weakly positive at 72 h (2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone)
Internal ID:

WOS:000183523300006