EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Lactuca virosa L.

Family:: Asteraceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 261
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: Sesquiterpene lactones in roots #2: Sesquiterpene lactones (crepidiaside B) in leaves #3: Sesquiterpene lactones (jacquinelin, lactucopicrin) in roots #4: Sesquiterpene lactones (lactucin, lactucopicrin, vernoflexuoside) in leaves #5: Sesquiterpene lactones (8-deoxylactucin, jacquinelin, 11beta,13-dihydrolactucin, lactuside A) in leaves #6: Sesquiterpene lactones (8-deoxylactucin, crepidiaside B, lactucin, 11beta,13-dihydrolactucin) in roots #7: 8-Deoxylactucin (sesquiterpene lactone) in leaves #8: lactucopicrin in leaves #9: Lactucin in leaves

Endpoint Studies

#1: CNS-effects e.g. decreased consiousness, dizziness, anxiety; Anticholinergic effects; Nausea vomiting in humans (case report)

Genotoxicity

Composition #1: Kisiel, W., Barszcz, B. Minor sesquiterpene lactones from Lactuca virosa. phytochemistry, 1997, vol. 46, no. 7, p. 1241–1243. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)80019-2. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Ethanol
Substance:

Sesquiterpene lactones (RF-00004319-PAR)
Additional substance description:

Sesq. lactones derivative: jacquinelin, 8-deoxylactucin, 11beta,13-dihydrolactopicrin, 9alpha-hydrozaluzanin C, 9alpha-11beta,13-dihydrozaluzanin C, 11beta,13-dihydrolactucin, picriside B, lactuside A, macrocliniside A, ixerin F, cichorioside B,
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Analytical method - additional description:

MS
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Sesquiterpene lactones in roots

Composition #2: Michalska, Klaudia., Stojakowska, Anna., Malarz, Janusz., Dolezalova, Ivana., Lebeda, Ales., Kisiel, Wanda. Systematic implications of sesquiterpene lactones in Lactuca species. biochemical systematics and ecology, 2009, vol. 37, no. 3, p. 174–179. DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2009.02.001. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Sesquiterpene lactones (RF-00004319-PAR)
Additional substance description:

crepidiaside B
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.250 - 2.500
Internal remarks:

Sesquiterpene lactones (crepidiaside B) in leaves

Composition #3: Michalska, Klaudia., Stojakowska, Anna., Malarz, Janusz., Dolezalova, Ivana., Lebeda, Ales., Kisiel, Wanda. Systematic implications of sesquiterpene lactones in Lactuca species. biochemical systematics and ecology, 2009, vol. 37, no. 3, p. 174–179. DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2009.02.001. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Sesquiterpene lactones (RF-00004319-PAR)
Additional substance description:

jacquinelin, lactucopicrin
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

< 0.025
Internal remarks:

Sesquiterpene lactones (jacquinelin, lactucopicrin) in roots

Composition #4: Michalska, Klaudia., Stojakowska, Anna., Malarz, Janusz., Dolezalova, Ivana., Lebeda, Ales., Kisiel, Wanda. Systematic implications of sesquiterpene lactones in Lactuca species. biochemical systematics and ecology, 2009, vol. 37, no. 3, p. 174–179. DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2009.02.001. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Sesquiterpene lactones (RF-00004319-PAR)
Additional substance description:

lactucin, lactucopicrin, vernoflexuoside
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

< 0.025
Internal remarks:

Sesquiterpene lactones (lactucin, lactucopicrin, vernoflexuoside) in leaves

Composition #5: Michalska, Klaudia., Stojakowska, Anna., Malarz, Janusz., Dolezalova, Ivana., Lebeda, Ales., Kisiel, Wanda. Systematic implications of sesquiterpene lactones in Lactuca species. biochemical systematics and ecology, 2009, vol. 37, no. 3, p. 174–179. DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2009.02.001. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Sesquiterpene lactones (RF-00004319-PAR)
Additional substance description:

8-deoxylactucin, jacquinelin, 11beta,13-dihydrolactucin, lactuside A
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.025 - 0.250
Internal remarks:

Sesquiterpene lactones (8-deoxylactucin, jacquinelin, 11beta,13-dihydrolactucin, lactuside A) in leaves

Composition #6: Michalska, Klaudia., Stojakowska, Anna., Malarz, Janusz., Dolezalova, Ivana., Lebeda, Ales., Kisiel, Wanda. Systematic implications of sesquiterpene lactones in Lactuca species. biochemical systematics and ecology, 2009, vol. 37, no. 3, p. 174–179. DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2009.02.001. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Roots and other underground parts (as part-nature) (A067M)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Sesquiterpene lactones (RF-00004319-PAR)
Additional substance description:

8-deoxylactucin, crepidiaside B, lactucin, 11beta,13-dihydrolactucin
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Milligram/gram (G060A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.025 - 0.250
Internal remarks:

Sesquiterpene lactones (8-deoxylactucin, crepidiaside B, lactucin, 11beta,13-dihydrolactucin) in roots

Composition #7: TAMAKI, H., ROBINSON, RW., ANDERSON, JL., STOEWSAND, GS. SESQUITERPENE LACTONES IN VIRUS-RESISTANT LETTUCE. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1995, vol. 43, no. 1, p. 6–8. DOI: 10.1021/jf00049a002. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

Sesquiterpene lactones (RF-00004319-PAR)
Additional substance description:

8-Deoxylactucin
Substance used for equivalence:

santonin (RF-00003572-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

173.5
Internal remarks:

8-Deoxylactucin (sesquiterpene lactone) in leaves

Composition #8: TAMAKI, H., ROBINSON, RW., ANDERSON, JL., STOEWSAND, GS. SESQUITERPENE LACTONES IN VIRUS-RESISTANT LETTUCE. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1995, vol. 43, no. 1, p. 6–8. DOI: 10.1021/jf00049a002. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

lactucopicrin (RF-00003892-PAR)
Substance used for equivalence:

santonin (RF-00003572-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1732.7
Internal remarks:

lactucopicrin in leaves

Composition #9: TAMAKI, H., ROBINSON, RW., ANDERSON, JL., STOEWSAND, GS. SESQUITERPENE LACTONES IN VIRUS-RESISTANT LETTUCE. journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1995, vol. 43, no. 1, p. 6–8. DOI: 10.1021/jf00049a002. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Live plants (as part-nature) (A0BA0)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Methanol
Substance:

lactucin (RF-00003891-PAR)
Substance used for equivalence:

santonin (RF-00003572-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-UV (F021A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

256.9
Internal remarks:

Lactucin in leaves

Endpoint study #1: Besharat, Sima., Besharat, Mahsa., Jabbari, Ali. Wild lettuce (Lactuca virosa) toxicity.. bmj case reports, 2009, vol. 2009 . DOI: 10.1136/bcr.06.2008.0134. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Raw, no heat treatment (A07HS)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

No
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

8
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

After ingestion of leaves as salad: CNS manifestations: anticholinergic, mydriasis, dizziness and anxiety, sympathetic overactivity. Decreased level of consciousness. Nausea, vomiting.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

other (CHD003BE)
Internal remarks:

CNS-effects e.g. decreased consiousness, dizziness, anxiety; Anticholinergic effects; Nausea vomiting in humans (case report)