EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Airplant (as plant) // Bryophyllum calycinum Salib. // Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken. // Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.

Family:: Crassulaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 752
Number of processed references:: 9

Compositions

#1: alkaloids in leaves #2: Saponins in leaves #3: Saponins - leaves #4: Alkaloids - leaves #5: tannins - leaves #6: bufanedolides- leaves #7: Bufadenolides in leaves #8: alkaloids in leaves #9: saponins in leaves #10: 2-pentylfuran in leaf essential oil #11: Nonanal in leaf essential oil #12: Pulegone in leaf essential oil

Endpoint Studies

#1: CNS depressant in mouse #2: hypersalivation, ataxia, cardiac arrhythmia and laboured respiration, mortality in cattle fed fresh plant

Genotoxicity

#1: chromosomal abberation test in vivo in rats, dose dependent effect

Composition #1: Afolabi, F., Afolabi, O. J. Phytochemical constituents of some medicinal plants in South West, Nigeria. iosr journal of applied chemistry, 2013, vol. 4, no. 1), 76-7, p. 3 pp. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

243.30
Internal remarks:

alkaloids in leaves

Composition #2: Afolabi, F., Afolabi, O. J. Phytochemical constituents of some medicinal plants in South West, Nigeria. iosr journal of applied chemistry, 2013, vol. 4, no. 1), 76-7, p. 3 pp. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

458.20
Internal remarks:

Saponins in leaves

Composition #3: Biswas, S.K., Chowdhury, A., Raihan, S.Z., Muhit, M.A., Akbar, M.A., Mowla, R. Phytochemical investigation with assessment of cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities of chloroform extract of the leaves of kalanchoe pinnata. american journal of plant physiology, 2012, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 41–46. DOI: 10.3923/ajpp.2012.41.46. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform extraction
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Standard phytochemical screening by Trease and Evans 1989
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Saponins - leaves

Composition #4: Biswas, S.K., Chowdhury, A., Raihan, S.Z., Muhit, M.A., Akbar, M.A., Mowla, R. Phytochemical investigation with assessment of cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities of chloroform extract of the leaves of kalanchoe pinnata. american journal of plant physiology, 2012, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 41–46. DOI: 10.3923/ajpp.2012.41.46. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform extraction
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Standard phytochemical screening by Trease and Evans 1989
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Alkaloids - leaves

Composition #5: Biswas, S.K., Chowdhury, A., Raihan, S.Z., Muhit, M.A., Akbar, M.A., Mowla, R. Phytochemical investigation with assessment of cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities of chloroform extract of the leaves of kalanchoe pinnata. american journal of plant physiology, 2012, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 41–46. DOI: 10.3923/ajpp.2012.41.46. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

chloroform extraction
Substance:

Tannins (RF-00004337-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Analytical method - additional description:

Standard phytochemical screening by Trease and Evans 1989
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

tannins - leaves

Composition #6: Supratman, U., Fujita, T., Akiyama, K., Hayashi, H. New insecticidal bufadienolide, bryophyllin C, from Kalanchoe pinnata. bioscience biotechnology and biochemistry, 2000, vol. 64, no. 6, p. 1310–1312. DOI: 10.1271/bbb.64.1310. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

methanol
Substance:

Bufadienolides (RF-00011329-PAR)
Additional substance description:

bufanedolides 1 and 2 (bryophillin A and C)
Analytical method code:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (F061A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

bufanedolides- leaves

Composition #7: Supratman, U., Fujita, T., Akiyama, K., Hayashi, H., Murakami, A., Sakai, H., Koshimizu, K., Ohigashi, H. Anti-tumor promoting activity of bufadienolides from Kalanchoe pinnata and K. daigremontiana X tubiflora . bioscience biotechnology and biochemistry, 2001, vol. 65, no. 4, p. 947–949. DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.947. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

MeOH
Substance:

Bufadienolides (RF-00011329-PAR)
Additional substance description:

bryophyllin A, bryophyllin C, bersaldegenin-3-acetate, bersaldegenin 1,3,5-orthoacetate and daigremontianin
Analytical method code:

UV/VIS spectroscopy (photometry) (F009A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

Bufadenolides in leaves

Composition #8: Okwu, DE., Josiah, C. Evaluation of the chemical composition of two Nigerian medicinal plants. african journal of biotechnology, 2006, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 357–361. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH, acetic acid
Substance:

Alkaloids (RF-00004360-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.48
Internal remarks:

alkaloids in leaves

Composition #9: Okwu, DE., Josiah, C. Evaluation of the chemical composition of two Nigerian medicinal plants. african journal of biotechnology, 2006, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 357–361. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

EtOH
Substance:

Saponins (RF-00004333-PAR)
Analytical method code:

Phytochemical screening (F604A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Qualitative Value (Binary) (BIN)
Internal remarks:

saponins in leaves

Composition #10: Aboaba, Sherifat Adeyinka., Igumoye, Hezekiah., Flamini, Guido. Chemical composition of the leaves and stem bark of Sterculia tragacantha, Anthocleista vogelii and leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum . journal of essential oil research, 2017, vol. 29, no. 1, p. 85–92. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2016.1178182. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

2-Pentylfuran (RF-00008482-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-FID-MS (F607A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

2.1
Internal remarks:

2-pentylfuran in leaf essential oil

Composition #11: Aboaba, Sherifat Adeyinka., Igumoye, Hezekiah., Flamini, Guido. Chemical composition of the leaves and stem bark of Sterculia tragacantha, Anthocleista vogelii and leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum . journal of essential oil research, 2017, vol. 29, no. 1, p. 85–92. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2016.1178182. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

Nonanal (RF-00008505-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-FID-MS (F607A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

17.3
Internal remarks:

Nonanal in leaf essential oil

Composition #12: Aboaba, Sherifat Adeyinka., Igumoye, Hezekiah., Flamini, Guido. Chemical composition of the leaves and stem bark of Sterculia tragacantha, Anthocleista vogelii and leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum . journal of essential oil research, 2017, vol. 29, no. 1, p. 85–92. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2016.1178182. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Essential oil (as part-nature) (A166Q)
Additional extraction description:

hydrodistillation
Substance:

(+)-pulegone (RF-00003398-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-FID-MS (F607A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

8.7
Internal remarks:

Pulegone in leaf essential oil

Endpoint study #1: Yemitan, OK., Salahdeen, HM. Neurosedative and muscle relaxant activities of aqueous extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum . fitoterapia, 2005, vol. 76, no. 2, p. 187–193. DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2004.11.009. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Human health
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional plant/substance description:

saline solution
Type of toxicological test:

acute toxicity (CHD016TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

House mouse (as animal) (A0CNT)
Sex:

Male/Female
Route of exposure:

ORAL: UNSPECIFIED (OECD2234PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

10
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

Dose level (CHD014EP)
Concentration unit:

Milligram/kilogram (G061A)
Effect concentration:

50-200
Critical effect:

NEUROTOXICITY (TOX04A)
Target tissue:

neurologic: Central Nervous System (TT035A)
Effect description:

single doses of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg extract from plant produced dose-dependent CNS depressant effect; significant effect for doses 100 and 200 mg/kg
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

behaviour (CHD001BE)
Internal remarks:

CNS depressant in mouse

Endpoint study #2: REPPAS, GP. BRYOPHYLLUM PINNATUM POISONING OF CATTLE. australian veterinary journal, 1995, vol. 72, no. 11, p. 425–427. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1995.tb06194.x. [DOI link]

Study relevance:

Animal (target species) health
Substance:

Bufadienolides (RF-00011329-PAR)
Plant part:

Aerial part of plants (as part-nature) (A166F)
Preparation/Extraction method:

Fresh (A166Y)
Additional plant/substance description:

cattle fed a large amount of Bryophyllurn pinnaturn plants containing bryotoxins (bryophillins)
Type of toxicological test:

case report (CHD060TT)
Limit test:

Not applicable
Tested organism:

Cattle (as animal) (A057E)
Sex:

No data
Route of exposure:

ORAL: FEED (OECD2230PL)
Exposure duration:

1.0
Unit of exposure duration:

single (food/feed) (G203A)
Number of organisms dosed:

2
Control groups used:

no
Endpoint measured:

Dose not reported (CHD066EP)
Critical effect:

SYSTEMIC (TOX01A)
Target tissue:

Respiratory (TT005A)
Effect description:

2 out of 12 cattle ate most, signs of toxicity day after feeding: hypersalivation, ataxia, severe cardiac arrhythmia and laboured respiration, mortality. Main necropsy findings were acute rumenitis, reduction of bronchiolar lumens and emphysema.
Effect or parameter linked to the endpoint:

mortality (CHD010BE)
Internal remarks:

hypersalivation, ataxia, cardiac arrhythmia and laboured respiration, mortality in cattle fed fresh plant

Genotox #1: Sowemimo, A. A., Fakoya, F. A., Awopetu, I., Omobuwajo, O. R., Adesanya, S. A. Toxicity and mutagenic activity of some selected Nigerian plants. journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, vol. 113, no. 3, p. 427–432. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.024. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

chromosome aberration assay (CHD047TT)
Method type:

in vivo
Tested organism:

Rat (as animal) (A0CNV)
Strain of test organism:

Wistar (CHD013ST)
Sex:

Male
Exogenous metabolic activation applied:

not applicable
Route of exposure:

OTHER (OECD0PL)
Exposure duration for in vivo:

2.0
Unit of exposure duration:

Day (G134A)
Number of organisms dosed:

3
Control groups used:

yes
Endpoint measured:

chromosome aberration
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

chromosomal abberation test in vivo, dose dependent effect (at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg bw); Sixty-five percent of chromosomal fragments at 200 mg/kg bw
Internal remarks:

chromosomal abberation test in vivo in rats, dose dependent effect
Internal ID:

WOS:000250117700007