EFSA Compendium of Botanicals

Draft - work in progress

Common walnut (as plant) // Juglans regia L.

Family:: Juglandaceae
Approval state:: Approved
Number of articles retrieved:: 6941
Number of processed references:: 4

Compositions

#1: chlorogenic acid - nut (kernel) #2: gallic acid - nut (kernel) #3: camphor - bark #4: cineole - bark #5: juglone - bark #6: thujon - bark #7: Juglone in leaves

Endpoint Studies

Genotoxicity

#1: DNA damage in human lymphocytes observed in the Comet assay with bark extract in doses above 250 ppm

Composition #1: Lee, Jisoo., Kim, Yoo-Sun., Lee, JaeHwan., Heo, Seung Chul., Lee, Kook Lae., Choi, Sang-Woon., Kim, Yuri. Walnut phenolic extract and its bioactive compounds suppress colon cancer cell growth by regulating colon cancer stemness. nutrients, 2016, vol. 8, no. 7, p. 439/1–439/14. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

kernels acetone
Substance:

Chlorogenic acid (RF-00010714-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

13.6
Internal remarks:

chlorogenic acid - nut (kernel)

Composition #2: Lee, Jisoo., Kim, Yoo-Sun., Lee, JaeHwan., Heo, Seung Chul., Lee, Kook Lae., Choi, Sang-Woon., Kim, Yuri. Walnut phenolic extract and its bioactive compounds suppress colon cancer cell growth by regulating colon cancer stemness. nutrients, 2016, vol. 8, no. 7, p. 439/1–439/14. .

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Seed (as part-nature) (A066P)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

kernels acetone
Substance:

gallic acid (RF-00003821-PAR)
Analytical method code:

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) (F018A)
Result unit:

Milligram/100 gram (G057A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

10.7
Internal remarks:

gallic acid - nut (kernel)

Composition #3: Strelyaeva, A.V., Lezhava, D.I., Luferov, A.N., Kuznetsov, R.M., Bobkova, N.V., Lazareva, Yu.B., Kostikova, E.N. Study of quality medicinal plants bark walnuts and extract from it. pharmacognosy journal, 2020, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 282–286. DOI: 10.5530/pj.2020.12.44. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether
Substance:

Camphor (RF-00003986-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

16.6
Internal remarks:

camphor - bark

Composition #4: Strelyaeva, A.V., Lezhava, D.I., Luferov, A.N., Kuznetsov, R.M., Bobkova, N.V., Lazareva, Yu.B., Kostikova, E.N. Study of quality medicinal plants bark walnuts and extract from it. pharmacognosy journal, 2020, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 282–286. DOI: 10.5530/pj.2020.12.44. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether
Substance:

1,8-cineole (RF-00003470-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

1.6
Internal remarks:

cineole - bark

Composition #5: Strelyaeva, A.V., Lezhava, D.I., Luferov, A.N., Kuznetsov, R.M., Bobkova, N.V., Lazareva, Yu.B., Kostikova, E.N. Study of quality medicinal plants bark walnuts and extract from it. pharmacognosy journal, 2020, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 282–286. DOI: 10.5530/pj.2020.12.44. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether
Substance:

juglone (RF-00003889-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Analytical method - additional description:

The juglone content is seen in a figure - the exact percentage is not written in the text
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5
Internal remarks:

juglone - bark

Composition #6: Strelyaeva, A.V., Lezhava, D.I., Luferov, A.N., Kuznetsov, R.M., Bobkova, N.V., Lazareva, Yu.B., Kostikova, E.N. Study of quality medicinal plants bark walnuts and extract from it. pharmacognosy journal, 2020, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 282–286. DOI: 10.5530/pj.2020.12.44. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Bark (as part-nature) (A066X)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

petroleum ether
Substance:

alpha-thujone (RF-00003676-PAR)
Analytical method code:

GC-MS (F046A)
Result unit:

Percent (G138A)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

0.7
Internal remarks:

thujon - bark

Composition #7: Babula, Petr., Mikelova, Radka., Adam, Vojtech., Kizek, Rene., Havel, Ladislav., Sladky, Zdenek. Using of liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector for determination of naphthoquinones in plants and for investigation of influence of pH of cultivation medium on content of plumbagin in Dionaea muscipula. journal of chromatography b-analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 2006, vol. 842, no. 1, p. 28–35. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.05.009. [DOI link]

Language:

English (en)
Plant part:

Leaves (as part-nature) (A0EKT)
Extraction/Preparation method:

Solvent extraction (A0BZR)
Additional extraction description:

Hexane, methanol or acetonitrile
Substance:

juglone (RF-00003889-PAR)
Analytical method code:

HPLC-DAD (F587A)
Result unit:

Microgram/gram (G049A)
Result expression:

Dry matter (B002A)
Yes/No Qualitative:

Positive/Present (POS)
Result type:

Numerical Value (VAL)
Value (concentration, content):

5025-5145
Internal remarks:

Juglone in leaves

Genotox #1: Arora, S., Brits, E., Kaur, S., Kaur, K., Sohi, RS., Kumar, S., Verschaeve, L. Evaluation or genotoxicity of medicinal plant extracts by the comet and VITOTOX (R) tests. journal of environmental pathology toxicology and oncology, 2005, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 193–200. DOI: 10.1615/JEnvPathToxOncol.v24.i3.50. [DOI link]

Study category:

Genotoxicity
Type of toxicological test:

single cell gel/comet assay in mammalian cells for detection of DNA damage (CHD040TT)
Method type:

in vitro
Tested organism:

Human (as organism) (A056J)
Strain of test organism:

lymphocytes (CHD036ST)
Control groups used:

no data
Endpoint measured:

DNA damage and/or repair
Is genotoxic:

Positive
Remarks on genotox study:

DNA damage in human lymphocytes observed in the Comet assay with bark extract in doses above 250 ppm
Internal remarks:

DNA damage in human lymphocytes observed in the Comet assay with bark extract in doses above 250 ppm
Internal ID:

WOS:000230859400005